diff options
| author | gingerBill <gingerBill@users.noreply.github.com> | 2021-09-06 19:29:08 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | GitHub <noreply@github.com> | 2021-09-06 19:29:08 +0100 |
| commit | b63d49aafa27a97ef47e217443908901a6930023 (patch) | |
| tree | ab3bfb10d3ac2d4e1ac72e8ac6982414f7d26480 /examples | |
| parent | db8f0874bd5b2d44adf2e12512e4352b94822b2c (diff) | |
| parent | 2800d4b8d0698d813584989b74cefed8c7e37a40 (diff) | |
Merge pull request #1112 from odin-lang/optional-semicolons
Optional Semicolons
Diffstat (limited to 'examples')
| -rw-r--r-- | examples/all/all_main.odin | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | examples/demo/demo.odin | 1608 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | examples/demo_insert_semicolon/demo.odin | 2007 |
3 files changed, 816 insertions, 2811 deletions
diff --git a/examples/all/all_main.odin b/examples/all/all_main.odin index cfd27f587..adfdbc486 100644 --- a/examples/all/all_main.odin +++ b/examples/all/all_main.odin @@ -57,4 +57,16 @@ import unicode "core:unicode" import utf8 "core:unicode/utf8" import utf16 "core:unicode/utf16" + +import glfw "vendor:glfw" +import gl "vendor:OpenGL" +import PM "vendor:portmidi" +import SDL "vendor:sdl2" +import IMG "vendor:sdl2/image" +import SDLNet "vendor:sdl2/net" +import MIX "vendor:sdl2/mixer" +import TTF "vendor:sdl2/ttf" +import vk "vendor:vulkan" + + main :: proc(){} diff --git a/examples/demo/demo.odin b/examples/demo/demo.odin index 1a6eddd8d..235ee2bdf 100644 --- a/examples/demo/demo.odin +++ b/examples/demo/demo.odin @@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ import "core:intrinsics" */ the_basics :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# the basics"); + fmt.println("\n# the basics") { // The Basics - fmt.println("Hellope"); + fmt.println("Hellope") // Lexical elements and literals // A comment - my_integer_variable: int; // A comment for documentaton + my_integer_variable: int // A comment for documentaton // Multi-line comments begin with /* and end with */. Multi-line comments can // also be nested (unlike in C): @@ -53,16 +53,16 @@ the_basics :: proc() { // String literals are enclosed in double quotes and character literals in single quotes. // Special characters are escaped with a backslash \ - some_string := "This is a string"; - _ = 'A'; // unicode codepoint literal - _ = '\n'; - _ = "C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe"; + some_string := "This is a string" + _ = 'A' // unicode codepoint literal + _ = '\n' + _ = "C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe" // Raw string literals are enclosed with single back ticks - _ = `C:\Windows\notepad.exe`; + _ = `C:\Windows\notepad.exe` // The length of a string in bytes can be found using the built-in `len` procedure: - _ = len("Foo"); - _ = len(some_string); + _ = len("Foo") + _ = len(some_string) // Numbers @@ -79,27 +79,27 @@ the_basics :: proc() { // In Odin, if a numeric constant can be represented by a type without // precision loss, it will automatically convert to that type. - x: int = 1.0; // A float literal but it can be represented by an integer without precision loss + x: int = 1.0 // A float literal but it can be represented by an integer without precision loss // Constant literals are “untyped” which means that they can implicitly convert to a type. - y: int; // `y` is typed of type `int` - y = 1; // `1` is an untyped integer literal which can implicitly convert to `int` + y: int // `y` is typed of type `int` + y = 1 // `1` is an untyped integer literal which can implicitly convert to `int` - z: f64; // `z` is typed of type `f64` (64-bit floating point number) - z = 1; // `1` is an untyped integer literal which can be implicitly converted to `f64` + z: f64 // `z` is typed of type `f64` (64-bit floating point number) + z = 1 // `1` is an untyped integer literal which can be implicitly converted to `f64` // No need for any suffixes or decimal places like in other languages // CONSTANTS JUST WORK!!! // Assignment statements - h: int = 123; // declares a new variable `h` with type `int` and assigns a value to it - h = 637; // assigns a new value to `h` + h: int = 123 // declares a new variable `h` with type `int` and assigns a value to it + h = 637 // assigns a new value to `h` // `=` is the assignment operator // You can assign multiple variables with it: - a, b := 1, "hello"; // declares `a` and `b` and infers the types from the assignments - b, a = "byte", 0; + a, b := 1, "hello" // declares `a` and `b` and infers the types from the assignments + b, a = "byte", 0 // Note: `:=` is two tokens, `:` and `=`. The following are equivalent, /* @@ -112,26 +112,26 @@ the_basics :: proc() { // Constants are entities (symbols) which have an assigned value. // The constant’s value cannot be changed. // The constant’s value must be able to be evaluated at compile time: - X :: "what"; // constant `X` has the untyped string value "what" + X :: "what" // constant `X` has the untyped string value "what" // Constants can be explicitly typed like a variable declaration: - Y : int : 123; - Z :: Y + 7; // constant computations are possible + Y : int : 123 + Z :: Y + 7 // constant computations are possible - _ = my_integer_variable; - _ = x; + _ = my_integer_variable + _ = x } } control_flow :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# control flow"); + fmt.println("\n# control flow") { // Control flow // For loop // Odin has only one loop statement, the `for` loop // Basic for loop for i := 0; i < 10; i += 1 { - fmt.println(i); + fmt.println(i) } // NOTE: Unlike other languages like C, there are no parentheses `( )` surrounding the three components. @@ -140,104 +140,104 @@ control_flow :: proc() { // for i := 0; i < 10; i += 1 do fmt.print(); // The initial and post statements are optional - i := 0; + i := 0 for ; i < 10; { - i += 1; + i += 1 } // These semicolons can be dropped. This `for` loop is equivalent to C's `while` loop - i = 0; + i = 0 for i < 10 { - i += 1; + i += 1 } // If the condition is omitted, an infinite loop is produced: for { - break; + break } // Range-based for loop // The basic for loop for j := 0; j < 10; j += 1 { - fmt.println(j); + fmt.println(j) } // can also be written for j in 0..<10 { - fmt.println(j); + fmt.println(j) } for j in 0..=9 { - fmt.println(j); + fmt.println(j) } // Certain built-in types can be iterated over - some_string := "Hello, 世界"; + some_string := "Hello, 世界" for character in some_string { // Strings are assumed to be UTF-8 - fmt.println(character); + fmt.println(character) } - some_array := [3]int{1, 4, 9}; + some_array := [3]int{1, 4, 9} for value in some_array { - fmt.println(value); + fmt.println(value) } - some_slice := []int{1, 4, 9}; + some_slice := []int{1, 4, 9} for value in some_slice { - fmt.println(value); + fmt.println(value) } - some_dynamic_array := [dynamic]int{1, 4, 9}; - defer delete(some_dynamic_array); + some_dynamic_array := [dynamic]int{1, 4, 9} + defer delete(some_dynamic_array) for value in some_dynamic_array { - fmt.println(value); + fmt.println(value) } - some_map := map[string]int{"A" = 1, "C" = 9, "B" = 4}; - defer delete(some_map); + some_map := map[string]int{"A" = 1, "C" = 9, "B" = 4} + defer delete(some_map) for key in some_map { - fmt.println(key); + fmt.println(key) } // Alternatively a second index value can be added for character, index in some_string { - fmt.println(index, character); + fmt.println(index, character) } for value, index in some_array { - fmt.println(index, value); + fmt.println(index, value) } for value, index in some_slice { - fmt.println(index, value); + fmt.println(index, value) } for value, index in some_dynamic_array { - fmt.println(index, value); + fmt.println(index, value) } for key, value in some_map { - fmt.println(key, value); + fmt.println(key, value) } // The iterated values are copies and cannot be written to. // The following idiom is useful for iterating over a container in a by-reference manner: for _, idx in some_slice { - some_slice[idx] = (idx+1)*(idx+1); + some_slice[idx] = (idx+1)*(idx+1) } // If statements - x := 123; + x := 123 if x >= 0 { - fmt.println("x is positive"); + fmt.println("x is positive") } if y := -34; y < 0 { - fmt.println("y is negative"); + fmt.println("y is negative") } if y := 123; y < 0 { - fmt.println("y is negative"); + fmt.println("y is negative") } else if y == 0 { - fmt.println("y is zero"); + fmt.println("y is zero") } else { - fmt.println("y is positive"); + fmt.println("y is positive") } // Switch statement @@ -246,11 +246,11 @@ control_flow :: proc() { switch arch := ODIN_ARCH; arch { case "386": - fmt.println("32-bit"); + fmt.println("32-bit") case "amd64": - fmt.println("64-bit"); + fmt.println("64-bit") case: // default - fmt.println("Unsupported architecture"); + fmt.println("Unsupported architecture") } // Odin’s `switch` is like one in C or C++, except that Odin only runs the selected case. @@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ control_flow :: proc() { // To achieve a C-like fall through into the next case block, the keyword `fallthrough` can be used. one_angry_dwarf :: proc() -> int { - fmt.println("one_angry_dwarf was called"); - return 1; + fmt.println("one_angry_dwarf was called") + return 1 } switch j := 0; j { @@ -274,28 +274,28 @@ control_flow :: proc() { switch { case x < 0: - fmt.println("x is negative"); + fmt.println("x is negative") case x == 0: - fmt.println("x is zero"); + fmt.println("x is zero") case: - fmt.println("x is positive"); + fmt.println("x is positive") } // A `switch` statement can also use ranges like a range-based loop: switch c := 'j'; c { case 'A'..='Z', 'a'..='z', '0'..='9': - fmt.println("c is alphanumeric"); + fmt.println("c is alphanumeric") } switch x { case 0..<10: - fmt.println("units"); + fmt.println("units") case 10..<13: - fmt.println("pre-teens"); + fmt.println("pre-teens") case 13..<20: - fmt.println("teens"); + fmt.println("teens") case 20..<30: - fmt.println("twenties"); + fmt.println("twenties") } } @@ -305,15 +305,15 @@ control_flow :: proc() { // The following will print 4 then 234: { - x := 123; - defer fmt.println(x); + x := 123 + defer fmt.println(x) { - defer x = 4; - x = 2; + defer x = 4 + x = 2 } - fmt.println(x); + fmt.println(x) - x = 234; + x = 234 } // You can defer an entire block too: @@ -321,30 +321,30 @@ control_flow :: proc() { bar :: proc() {} defer { - fmt.println("1"); - fmt.println("2"); + fmt.println("1") + fmt.println("2") } - cond := false; + cond := false defer if cond { - bar(); + bar() } } // Defer statements are executed in the reverse order that they were declared: { - defer fmt.println("1"); - defer fmt.println("2"); - defer fmt.println("3"); + defer fmt.println("1") + defer fmt.println("2") + defer fmt.println("3") } // Will print 3, 2, and then 1. if false { - f, err := os.open("my_file.txt"); + f, err := os.open("my_file.txt") if err != 0 { // handle error } - defer os.close(f); + defer os.close(f) // rest of code } } @@ -364,11 +364,11 @@ control_flow :: proc() { // Example when ODIN_ARCH == "386" { - fmt.println("32 bit"); + fmt.println("32 bit") } else when ODIN_ARCH == "amd64" { - fmt.println("64 bit"); + fmt.println("64 bit") } else { - fmt.println("Unsupported architecture"); + fmt.println("Unsupported architecture") } // The when statement is very useful for writing platform specific code. // This is akin to the #if construct in C’s preprocessor however, in Odin, @@ -376,34 +376,34 @@ control_flow :: proc() { } { // Branch statements - cond, cond1, cond2 := false, false, false; - one_step :: proc() { fmt.println("one_step"); } - beyond :: proc() { fmt.println("beyond"); } + cond, cond1, cond2 := false, false, false + one_step :: proc() { fmt.println("one_step") } + beyond :: proc() { fmt.println("beyond") } // Break statement for cond { switch { case: if cond { - break; // break out of the `switch` statement + break // break out of the `switch` statement } } - break; // break out of the `for` statement + break // break out of the `for` statement } loop: for cond1 { for cond2 { - break loop; // leaves both loops + break loop // leaves both loops } } // Continue statement for cond { if cond2 { - continue; + continue } - fmt.println("Hellope"); + fmt.println("Hellope") } // Fallthrough statement @@ -417,65 +417,65 @@ control_flow :: proc() { switch i := 0; i { case 0: - one_step(); - fallthrough; + one_step() + fallthrough case 1: - beyond(); + beyond() } } } named_proc_return_parameters :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# named proc return parameters"); + fmt.println("\n# named proc return parameters") foo0 :: proc() -> int { - return 123; + return 123 } foo1 :: proc() -> (a: int) { - a = 123; - return; + a = 123 + return } foo2 :: proc() -> (a, b: int) { // Named return values act like variables within the scope - a = 321; - b = 567; - return b, a; + a = 321 + b = 567 + return b, a } - fmt.println("foo0 =", foo0()); // 123 - fmt.println("foo1 =", foo1()); // 123 - fmt.println("foo2 =", foo2()); // 567 321 + fmt.println("foo0 =", foo0()) // 123 + fmt.println("foo1 =", foo1()) // 123 + fmt.println("foo2 =", foo2()) // 567 321 } explicit_procedure_overloading :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# explicit procedure overloading"); + fmt.println("\n# explicit procedure overloading") add_ints :: proc(a, b: int) -> int { - x := a + b; - fmt.println("add_ints", x); - return x; + x := a + b + fmt.println("add_ints", x) + return x } add_floats :: proc(a, b: f32) -> f32 { - x := a + b; - fmt.println("add_floats", x); - return x; + x := a + b + fmt.println("add_floats", x) + return x } add_numbers :: proc(a: int, b: f32, c: u8) -> int { - x := int(a) + int(b) + int(c); - fmt.println("add_numbers", x); - return x; + x := int(a) + int(b) + int(c) + fmt.println("add_numbers", x) + return x } - add :: proc{add_ints, add_floats, add_numbers}; + add :: proc{add_ints, add_floats, add_numbers} - add(int(1), int(2)); - add(f32(1), f32(2)); - add(int(1), f32(2), u8(3)); + add(int(1), int(2)) + add(f32(1), f32(2)) + add(int(1), f32(2), u8(3)) - add(1, 2); // untyped ints coerce to int tighter than f32 - add(1.0, 2.0); // untyped floats coerce to f32 tighter than int - add(1, 2, 3); // three parameters + add(1, 2) // untyped ints coerce to int tighter than f32 + add(1.0, 2.0) // untyped floats coerce to f32 tighter than int + add(1, 2, 3) // three parameters // Ambiguous answers // add(1.0, 2); @@ -483,24 +483,24 @@ explicit_procedure_overloading :: proc() { } struct_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# struct type"); + fmt.println("\n# struct type") // A struct is a record type in Odin. It is a collection of fields. // Struct fields are accessed by using a dot: { Vector2 :: struct { x: f32, y: f32, - }; - v := Vector2{1, 2}; - v.x = 4; - fmt.println(v.x); + } + v := Vector2{1, 2} + v.x = 4 + fmt.println(v.x) // Struct fields can be accessed through a struct pointer: - v = Vector2{1, 2}; - p := &v; - p.x = 1335; - fmt.println(v); + v = Vector2{1, 2} + p := &v + p.x = 1335 + fmt.println(v) // We could write p^.x, however, it is to nice abstract the ability // to not explicitly dereference the pointer. This is very useful when @@ -512,46 +512,46 @@ struct_type :: proc() { // arguments or none: Vector3 :: struct { x, y, z: f32, - }; - v: Vector3; - v = Vector3{}; // Zero value - v = Vector3{1, 4, 9}; + } + v: Vector3 + v = Vector3{} // Zero value + v = Vector3{1, 4, 9} // You can list just a subset of the fields if you specify the // field by name (the order of the named fields does not matter): - v = Vector3{z=1, y=2}; - assert(v.x == 0); - assert(v.y == 2); - assert(v.z == 1); + v = Vector3{z=1, y=2} + assert(v.x == 0) + assert(v.y == 2) + assert(v.z == 1) } { // Structs can tagged with different memory layout and alignment requirements: - a :: struct #align 4 {}; // align to 4 bytes - b :: struct #packed {}; // remove padding between fields - c :: struct #raw_union {}; // all fields share the same offset (0). This is the same as C's union + a :: struct #align 4 {} // align to 4 bytes + b :: struct #packed {} // remove padding between fields + c :: struct #raw_union {} // all fields share the same offset (0). This is the same as C's union } } union_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# union type"); + fmt.println("\n# union type") { - val: union{int, bool}; - val = 137; + val: union{int, bool} + val = 137 if i, ok := val.(int); ok { - fmt.println(i); + fmt.println(i) } - val = true; - fmt.println(val); + val = true + fmt.println(val) - val = nil; + val = nil switch v in val { - case int: fmt.println("int", v); - case bool: fmt.println("bool", v); - case: fmt.println("nil"); + case int: fmt.println("int", v) + case bool: fmt.println("bool", v) + case: fmt.println("nil") } } { @@ -559,25 +559,25 @@ union_type :: proc() { // An `any` has a pointer to the data and allows for any type (open) // A `union` has as binary blob to store the data and allows only certain types (closed) // The following code is with `any` but has the same syntax - val: any; - val = 137; + val: any + val = 137 if i, ok := val.(int); ok { - fmt.println(i); + fmt.println(i) } - val = true; - fmt.println(val); + val = true + fmt.println(val) - val = nil; + val = nil switch v in val { - case int: fmt.println("int", v); - case bool: fmt.println("bool", v); - case: fmt.println("nil"); + case int: fmt.println("int", v) + case bool: fmt.println("bool", v) + case: fmt.println("nil") } } - Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32; - Quaternion :: distinct quaternion128; + Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32 + Quaternion :: distinct quaternion128 // More realistic examples { @@ -594,35 +594,35 @@ union_type :: proc() { orientation: Quaternion, derived: any, - }; + } Frog :: struct { using entity: Entity, jump_height: f32, - }; + } Monster :: struct { using entity: Entity, is_robot: bool, is_zombie: bool, - }; + } // See `parametric_polymorphism` procedure for details new_entity :: proc($T: typeid) -> ^Entity { - t := new(T); - t.derived = t^; - return t; + t := new(T) + t.derived = t^ + return t } - entity := new_entity(Monster); + entity := new_entity(Monster) switch e in entity.derived { case Frog: - fmt.println("Ribbit"); + fmt.println("Ribbit") case Monster: - if e.is_robot { fmt.println("Robotic"); } - if e.is_zombie { fmt.println("Grrrr!"); } - fmt.println("I'm a monster"); + if e.is_robot { fmt.println("Robotic") } + if e.is_zombie { fmt.println("Grrrr!") } + fmt.println("I'm a monster") } } @@ -639,34 +639,34 @@ union_type :: proc() { orientation: Quaternion, derived: union {Frog, Monster}, - }; + } Frog :: struct { using entity: ^Entity, jump_height: f32, - }; + } Monster :: struct { using entity: ^Entity, is_robot: bool, is_zombie: bool, - }; + } // See `parametric_polymorphism` procedure for details new_entity :: proc($T: typeid) -> ^Entity { - t := new(Entity); - t.derived = T{entity = t}; - return t; + t := new(Entity) + t.derived = T{entity = t} + return t } - entity := new_entity(Monster); + entity := new_entity(Monster) switch e in entity.derived { case Frog: - fmt.println("Ribbit"); + fmt.println("Ribbit") case Monster: - if e.is_robot { fmt.println("Robotic"); } - if e.is_zombie { fmt.println("Grrrr!"); } + if e.is_robot { fmt.println("Robotic") } + if e.is_zombie { fmt.println("Grrrr!") } } // NOTE(bill): As you can see, the usage code has not changed, only its @@ -710,38 +710,38 @@ union_type :: proc() { } using_statement :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# using statement"); + fmt.println("\n# using statement") // using can used to bring entities declared in a scope/namespace // into the current scope. This can be applied to import names, struct // fields, procedure fields, and struct values. - Vector3 :: struct{x, y, z: f32}; + Vector3 :: struct{x, y, z: f32} { Entity :: struct { position: Vector3, orientation: quaternion128, - }; + } // It can used like this: foo0 :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - fmt.println(entity.position.x, entity.position.y, entity.position.z); + fmt.println(entity.position.x, entity.position.y, entity.position.z) } // The entity members can be brought into the procedure scope by using it: foo1 :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - using entity; - fmt.println(position.x, position.y, position.z); + using entity + fmt.println(position.x, position.y, position.z) } // The using can be applied to the parameter directly: foo2 :: proc(using entity: ^Entity) { - fmt.println(position.x, position.y, position.z); + fmt.println(position.x, position.y, position.z) } // It can also be applied to sub-fields: foo3 :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - using entity.position; - fmt.println(x, y, z); + using entity.position + fmt.println(x, y, z) } } { @@ -750,9 +750,9 @@ using_statement :: proc() { Entity :: struct { using position: Vector3, orientation: quaternion128, - }; + } foo :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - fmt.println(entity.x, entity.y, entity.z); + fmt.println(entity.x, entity.y, entity.z) } @@ -761,18 +761,18 @@ using_statement :: proc() { // functionality in C++, but without the requirement of vtables or unknown // struct layout: - Colour :: struct {r, g, b, a: u8}; + Colour :: struct {r, g, b, a: u8} Frog :: struct { ribbit_volume: f32, using entity: Entity, colour: Colour, - }; + } - frog: Frog; + frog: Frog // Both work - foo(&frog.entity); - foo(&frog); - frog.x = 123; + foo(&frog.entity) + foo(&frog) + frog.x = 123 // Note: using can be applied to arbitrarily many things, which allows // the ability to have multiple subtype polymorphism (but also its issues). @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ using_statement :: proc() { implicit_context_system :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# implicit context system"); + fmt.println("\n# implicit context system") // In each scope, there is an implicit value named context. This // context variable is local to each scope and is implicitly passed // by pointer to any procedure call in that scope (if the procedure @@ -799,34 +799,34 @@ implicit_context_system :: proc() { // third-party code to see what it does and to change how it does it is // not possible. - c := context; // copy the current scope's context + c := context // copy the current scope's context - context.user_index = 456; + context.user_index = 456 { - context.allocator = my_custom_allocator(); - context.user_index = 123; - what_a_fool_believes(); // the `context` for this scope is implicitly passed to `what_a_fool_believes` + context.allocator = my_custom_allocator() + context.user_index = 123 + what_a_fool_believes() // the `context` for this scope is implicitly passed to `what_a_fool_believes` } // `context` value is local to the scope it is in - assert(context.user_index == 456); + assert(context.user_index == 456) what_a_fool_believes :: proc() { - c := context; // this `context` is the same as the parent procedure that it was called from + c := context // this `context` is the same as the parent procedure that it was called from // From this example, context.user_index == 123 // An context.allocator is assigned to the return value of `my_custom_allocator()` - assert(context.user_index == 123); + assert(context.user_index == 123) // The memory management procedure use the `context.allocator` by // default unless explicitly specified otherwise - china_grove := new(int); - free(china_grove); + china_grove := new(int) + free(china_grove) - _ = c; + _ = c } - my_custom_allocator :: mem.nil_allocator; - _ = c; + my_custom_allocator :: mem.nil_allocator + _ = c // By default, the context value has default values for its parameters which is // decided in the package runtime. What the defaults are are compiler specific. @@ -836,55 +836,55 @@ implicit_context_system :: proc() { } parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# parametric polymorphism"); + fmt.println("\n# parametric polymorphism") print_value :: proc(value: $T) { - fmt.printf("print_value: %T %v\n", value, value); + fmt.printf("print_value: %T %v\n", value, value) } - v1: int = 1; - v2: f32 = 2.1; - v3: f64 = 3.14; - v4: string = "message"; + v1: int = 1 + v2: f32 = 2.1 + v3: f64 = 3.14 + v4: string = "message" - print_value(v1); - print_value(v2); - print_value(v3); - print_value(v4); + print_value(v1) + print_value(v2) + print_value(v3) + print_value(v4) - fmt.println(); + fmt.println() add :: proc(p, q: $T) -> T { - x: T = p + q; - return x; + x: T = p + q + return x } - a := add(3, 4); - fmt.printf("a: %T = %v\n", a, a); + a := add(3, 4) + fmt.printf("a: %T = %v\n", a, a) - b := add(3.2, 4.3); - fmt.printf("b: %T = %v\n", b, b); + b := add(3.2, 4.3) + fmt.printf("b: %T = %v\n", b, b) // This is how `new` is implemented alloc_type :: proc($T: typeid) -> ^T { - t := cast(^T)alloc(size_of(T), align_of(T)); - t^ = T{}; // Use default initialization value - return t; + t := cast(^T)alloc(size_of(T), align_of(T)) + t^ = T{} // Use default initialization value + return t } copy_slice :: proc(dst, src: []$T) -> int { - n := min(len(dst), len(src)); + n := min(len(dst), len(src)) if n > 0 { - mem.copy(&dst[0], &src[0], n*size_of(T)); + mem.copy(&dst[0], &src[0], n*size_of(T)) } - return n; + return n } double_params :: proc(a: $A, b: $B) -> A { - return a + A(b); + return a + A(b) } - fmt.println(double_params(12, 1.345)); + fmt.println(double_params(12, 1.345)) @@ -894,46 +894,46 @@ parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { hash: u32, key: Key, value: Value, - }; - TABLE_SIZE_MIN :: 32; + } + TABLE_SIZE_MIN :: 32 Table :: struct($Key, $Value: typeid) { count: int, allocator: mem.Allocator, slots: []Table_Slot(Key, Value), - }; + } // Only allow types that are specializations of a (polymorphic) slice make_slice :: proc($T: typeid/[]$E, len: int) -> T { - return make(T, len); + return make(T, len) } // Only allow types that are specializations of `Table` allocate :: proc(table: ^$T/Table, capacity: int) { - c := context; + c := context if table.allocator.procedure != nil { - c.allocator = table.allocator; + c.allocator = table.allocator } - context = c; + context = c - table.slots = make_slice(type_of(table.slots), max(capacity, TABLE_SIZE_MIN)); + table.slots = make_slice(type_of(table.slots), max(capacity, TABLE_SIZE_MIN)) } expand :: proc(table: ^$T/Table) { - c := context; + c := context if table.allocator.procedure != nil { - c.allocator = table.allocator; + c.allocator = table.allocator } - context = c; + context = c - old_slots := table.slots; - defer delete(old_slots); + old_slots := table.slots + defer delete(old_slots) - cap := max(2*len(table.slots), TABLE_SIZE_MIN); - allocate(table, cap); + cap := max(2*len(table.slots), TABLE_SIZE_MIN) + allocate(table, cap) for s in old_slots { if s.occupied { - put(table, s.key, s.value); + put(table, s.key, s.value) } } } @@ -941,83 +941,83 @@ parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { // Polymorphic determination of a polymorphic struct // put :: proc(table: ^$T/Table, key: T.Key, value: T.Value) { put :: proc(table: ^Table($Key, $Value), key: Key, value: Value) { - hash := get_hash(key); // Ad-hoc method which would fail in a different scope - index := find_index(table, key, hash); + hash := get_hash(key) // Ad-hoc method which would fail in a different scope + index := find_index(table, key, hash) if index < 0 { if f64(table.count) >= 0.75*f64(len(table.slots)) { - expand(table); + expand(table) } - assert(table.count <= len(table.slots)); + assert(table.count <= len(table.slots)) - index = int(hash % u32(len(table.slots))); + index = int(hash % u32(len(table.slots))) for table.slots[index].occupied { if index += 1; index >= len(table.slots) { - index = 0; + index = 0 } } - table.count += 1; + table.count += 1 } - slot := &table.slots[index]; - slot.occupied = true; - slot.hash = hash; - slot.key = key; - slot.value = value; + slot := &table.slots[index] + slot.occupied = true + slot.hash = hash + slot.key = key + slot.value = value } // find :: proc(table: ^$T/Table, key: T.Key) -> (T.Value, bool) { find :: proc(table: ^Table($Key, $Value), key: Key) -> (Value, bool) { - hash := get_hash(key); - index := find_index(table, key, hash); + hash := get_hash(key) + index := find_index(table, key, hash) if index < 0 { - return Value{}, false; + return Value{}, false } - return table.slots[index].value, true; + return table.slots[index].value, true } find_index :: proc(table: ^Table($Key, $Value), key: Key, hash: u32) -> int { if len(table.slots) <= 0 { - return -1; + return -1 } - index := int(hash % u32(len(table.slots))); + index := int(hash % u32(len(table.slots))) for table.slots[index].occupied { if table.slots[index].hash == hash { if table.slots[index].key == key { - return index; + return index } } if index += 1; index >= len(table.slots) { - index = 0; + index = 0 } } - return -1; + return -1 } get_hash :: proc(s: string) -> u32 { // fnv32a - h: u32 = 0x811c9dc5; + h: u32 = 0x811c9dc5 for i in 0..<len(s) { - h = (h ~ u32(s[i])) * 0x01000193; + h = (h ~ u32(s[i])) * 0x01000193 } - return h; + return h } - table: Table(string, int); + table: Table(string, int) - for i in 0..=36 { put(&table, "Hellope", i); } - for i in 0..=42 { put(&table, "World!", i); } + for i in 0..=36 { put(&table, "Hellope", i) } + for i in 0..=42 { put(&table, "World!", i) } - found, _ := find(&table, "Hellope"); - fmt.printf("`found` is %v\n", found); + found, _ := find(&table, "Hellope") + fmt.printf("`found` is %v\n", found) - found, _ = find(&table, "World!"); - fmt.printf("`found` is %v\n", found); + found, _ = find(&table, "World!") + fmt.printf("`found` is %v\n", found) // I would not personally design a hash table like this in production // but this is a nice basic example @@ -1032,16 +1032,16 @@ parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { Foo1, Foo2, Foo3, - }; - Para_Union :: union($T: typeid) {T, Error}; - r: Para_Union(int); - fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(r))); + } + Para_Union :: union($T: typeid) {T, Error} + r: Para_Union(int) + fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(r))) - fmt.println(r); - r = 123; - fmt.println(r); - r = Error.Foo0; // r = .Foo0; is allow too, see implicit selector expressions below - fmt.println(r); + fmt.println(r) + r = 123 + fmt.println(r) + r = Error.Foo0 // r = .Foo0; is allow too, see implicit selector expressions below + fmt.println(r) } { // Polymorphic names @@ -1050,17 +1050,17 @@ parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { // `I` is the type of N // `T` is the type passed fmt.printf("Generating an array of type %v from the value %v of type %v\n", - typeid_of(type_of(res)), N, typeid_of(I)); + typeid_of(type_of(res)), N, typeid_of(I)) for i in 0..<N { - res[i] = T(i*i); + res[i] = T(i*i) } - return; + return } - T :: int; - array := foo(4, T); + T :: int + array := foo(4, T) for v, i in array { - assert(v == T(i*i)); + assert(v == T(i*i)) } // Matrix multiplication @@ -1068,24 +1068,24 @@ parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { for i in 0..<M { for j in 0..<P { for k in 0..<N { - c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j]; + c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j] } } } - return; + return } x := [2][3]f32{ {1, 2, 3}, {3, 2, 1}, - }; + } y := [3][2]f32{ {0, 8}, {6, 2}, {8, 4}, - }; - z := mul(x, y); - assert(z == {{36, 24}, {20, 32}}); + } + z := mul(x, y) + assert(z == {{36, 24}, {20, 32}}) } } @@ -1097,241 +1097,241 @@ prefix_table := [?]string{ "Blue", "Octarine", "Black", -}; +} threading_example :: proc() { if ODIN_OS == "darwin" { // TODO: Fix threads on darwin/macOS - return; + return } - fmt.println("\n# threading_example"); + fmt.println("\n# threading_example") { // Basic Threads - fmt.println("\n## Basic Threads"); + fmt.println("\n## Basic Threads") worker_proc :: proc(t: ^thread.Thread) { for iteration in 1..=5 { - fmt.printf("Thread %d is on iteration %d\n", t.user_index, iteration); - fmt.printf("`%s`: iteration %d\n", prefix_table[t.user_index], iteration); - time.sleep(1 * time.Millisecond); + fmt.printf("Thread %d is on iteration %d\n", t.user_index, iteration) + fmt.printf("`%s`: iteration %d\n", prefix_table[t.user_index], iteration) + time.sleep(1 * time.Millisecond) } } - threads := make([dynamic]^thread.Thread, 0, len(prefix_table)); - defer delete(threads); + threads := make([dynamic]^thread.Thread, 0, len(prefix_table)) + defer delete(threads) for in prefix_table { if t := thread.create(worker_proc); t != nil { - t.init_context = context; - t.user_index = len(threads); - append(&threads, t); - thread.start(t); + t.init_context = context + t.user_index = len(threads) + append(&threads, t) + thread.start(t) } } for len(threads) > 0 { for i := 0; i < len(threads); /**/ { if t := threads[i]; thread.is_done(t) { - fmt.printf("Thread %d is done\n", t.user_index); - thread.destroy(t); + fmt.printf("Thread %d is done\n", t.user_index) + thread.destroy(t) - ordered_remove(&threads, i); + ordered_remove(&threads, i) } else { - i += 1; + i += 1 } } } } { // Thread Pool - fmt.println("\n## Thread Pool"); + fmt.println("\n## Thread Pool") task_proc :: proc(t: ^thread.Task) { - index := t.user_index % len(prefix_table); + index := t.user_index % len(prefix_table) for iteration in 1..=5 { - fmt.printf("Worker Task %d is on iteration %d\n", t.user_index, iteration); - fmt.printf("`%s`: iteration %d\n", prefix_table[index], iteration); - time.sleep(1 * time.Millisecond); + fmt.printf("Worker Task %d is on iteration %d\n", t.user_index, iteration) + fmt.printf("`%s`: iteration %d\n", prefix_table[index], iteration) + time.sleep(1 * time.Millisecond) } } - pool: thread.Pool; - thread.pool_init(pool=&pool, thread_count=3); - defer thread.pool_destroy(&pool); + pool: thread.Pool + thread.pool_init(pool=&pool, thread_count=3) + defer thread.pool_destroy(&pool) for i in 0..<30 { - thread.pool_add_task(pool=&pool, procedure=task_proc, data=nil, user_index=i); + thread.pool_add_task(pool=&pool, procedure=task_proc, data=nil, user_index=i) } - thread.pool_start(&pool); - thread.pool_wait_and_process(&pool); + thread.pool_start(&pool) + thread.pool_wait_and_process(&pool) } } array_programming :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# array programming"); + fmt.println("\n# array programming") { - a := [3]f32{1, 2, 3}; - b := [3]f32{5, 6, 7}; - c := a * b; - d := a + b; - e := 1 + (c - d) / 2; - fmt.printf("%.1f\n", e); // [0.5, 3.0, 6.5] + a := [3]f32{1, 2, 3} + b := [3]f32{5, 6, 7} + c := a * b + d := a + b + e := 1 + (c - d) / 2 + fmt.printf("%.1f\n", e) // [0.5, 3.0, 6.5] } { - a := [3]f32{1, 2, 3}; - b := swizzle(a, 2, 1, 0); - assert(b == [3]f32{3, 2, 1}); + a := [3]f32{1, 2, 3} + b := swizzle(a, 2, 1, 0) + assert(b == [3]f32{3, 2, 1}) - c := swizzle(a, 0, 0); - assert(c == [2]f32{1, 1}); - assert(c == 1); + c := swizzle(a, 0, 0) + assert(c == [2]f32{1, 1}) + assert(c == 1) } { - Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32; - a := Vector3{1, 2, 3}; - b := Vector3{5, 6, 7}; - c := (a * b)/2 + 1; - d := c.x + c.y + c.z; - fmt.printf("%.1f\n", d); // 22.0 + Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32 + a := Vector3{1, 2, 3} + b := Vector3{5, 6, 7} + c := (a * b)/2 + 1 + d := c.x + c.y + c.z + fmt.printf("%.1f\n", d) // 22.0 cross :: proc(a, b: Vector3) -> Vector3 { - i := swizzle(a, 1, 2, 0) * swizzle(b, 2, 0, 1); - j := swizzle(a, 2, 0, 1) * swizzle(b, 1, 2, 0); - return i - j; + i := swizzle(a, 1, 2, 0) * swizzle(b, 2, 0, 1) + j := swizzle(a, 2, 0, 1) * swizzle(b, 1, 2, 0) + return i - j } cross_shorter :: proc(a, b: Vector3) -> Vector3 { - i := a.yzx * b.zxy; - j := a.zxy * b.yzx; - return i - j; + i := a.yzx * b.zxy + j := a.zxy * b.yzx + return i - j } blah :: proc(a: Vector3) -> f32 { - return a.x + a.y + a.z; + return a.x + a.y + a.z } - x := cross(a, b); - fmt.println(x); - fmt.println(blah(x)); + x := cross(a, b) + fmt.println(x) + fmt.println(blah(x)) } } map_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# map type"); + fmt.println("\n# map type") - m := make(map[string]int); - defer delete(m); + m := make(map[string]int) + defer delete(m) - m["Bob"] = 2; - m["Ted"] = 5; - fmt.println(m["Bob"]); + m["Bob"] = 2 + m["Ted"] = 5 + fmt.println(m["Bob"]) - delete_key(&m, "Ted"); + delete_key(&m, "Ted") // If an element of a key does not exist, the zero value of the // element will be returned. To check to see if an element exists // can be done in two ways: - elem, ok := m["Bob"]; - exists := "Bob" in m; - _, _ = elem, ok; - _ = exists; + elem, ok := m["Bob"] + exists := "Bob" in m + _, _ = elem, ok + _ = exists } implicit_selector_expression :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# implicit selector expression"); + fmt.println("\n# implicit selector expression") - Foo :: enum {A, B, C}; + Foo :: enum {A, B, C} - f: Foo; - f = Foo.A; - f = .A; + f: Foo + f = Foo.A + f = .A - BAR :: bit_set[Foo]{.B, .C}; + BAR :: bit_set[Foo]{.B, .C} switch f { case .A: - fmt.println("HITHER"); + fmt.println("HITHER") case .B: - fmt.println("NEVER"); + fmt.println("NEVER") case .C: - fmt.println("FOREVER"); + fmt.println("FOREVER") } - my_map := make(map[Foo]int); - defer delete(my_map); + my_map := make(map[Foo]int) + defer delete(my_map) - my_map[.A] = 123; - my_map[Foo.B] = 345; + my_map[.A] = 123 + my_map[Foo.B] = 345 - fmt.println(my_map[.A] + my_map[Foo.B] + my_map[.C]); + fmt.println(my_map[.A] + my_map[Foo.B] + my_map[.C]) } partial_switch :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# partial_switch"); + fmt.println("\n# partial_switch") { // enum Foo :: enum { A, B, C, D, - }; + } - f := Foo.A; + f := Foo.A switch f { - case .A: fmt.println("A"); - case .B: fmt.println("B"); - case .C: fmt.println("C"); - case .D: fmt.println("D"); - case: fmt.println("?"); + case .A: fmt.println("A") + case .B: fmt.println("B") + case .C: fmt.println("C") + case .D: fmt.println("D") + case: fmt.println("?") } #partial switch f { - case .A: fmt.println("A"); - case .D: fmt.println("D"); + case .A: fmt.println("A") + case .D: fmt.println("D") } } { // union - Foo :: union {int, bool}; - f: Foo = 123; + Foo :: union {int, bool} + f: Foo = 123 switch in f { - case int: fmt.println("int"); - case bool: fmt.println("bool"); + case int: fmt.println("int") + case bool: fmt.println("bool") case: } #partial switch in f { - case bool: fmt.println("bool"); + case bool: fmt.println("bool") } } } cstring_example :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# cstring_example"); - - W :: "Hellope"; - X :: cstring(W); - Y :: string(X); - - w := W; - _ = w; - x: cstring = X; - y: string = Y; - z := string(x); - fmt.println(x, y, z); - fmt.println(len(x), len(y), len(z)); - fmt.println(len(W), len(X), len(Y)); + fmt.println("\n# cstring_example") + + W :: "Hellope" + X :: cstring(W) + Y :: string(X) + + w := W + _ = w + x: cstring = X + y: string = Y + z := string(x) + fmt.println(x, y, z) + fmt.println(len(x), len(y), len(z)) + fmt.println(len(W), len(X), len(Y)) // IMPORTANT NOTE for cstring variables // len(cstring) is O(N) // cast(string)cstring is O(N) } bit_set_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# bit_set type"); + fmt.println("\n# bit_set type") { Day :: enum { @@ -1342,177 +1342,177 @@ bit_set_type :: proc() { Thursday, Friday, Saturday, - }; + } - Days :: distinct bit_set[Day]; - WEEKEND :: Days{.Sunday, .Saturday}; + Days :: distinct bit_set[Day] + WEEKEND :: Days{.Sunday, .Saturday} - d: Days; - d = {.Sunday, .Monday}; - e := d + WEEKEND; - e += {.Monday}; - fmt.println(d, e); + d: Days + d = {.Sunday, .Monday} + e := d + WEEKEND + e += {.Monday} + fmt.println(d, e) - ok := .Saturday in e; // `in` is only allowed for `map` and `bit_set` types - fmt.println(ok); + ok := .Saturday in e // `in` is only allowed for `map` and `bit_set` types + fmt.println(ok) if .Saturday in e { - fmt.println("Saturday in", e); + fmt.println("Saturday in", e) } - X :: .Saturday in WEEKEND; // Constant evaluation - fmt.println(X); - fmt.println("Cardinality:", card(e)); + X :: .Saturday in WEEKEND // Constant evaluation + fmt.println(X) + fmt.println("Cardinality:", card(e)) } { - x: bit_set['A'..='Z']; - #assert(size_of(x) == size_of(u32)); - y: bit_set[0..=8; u16]; - fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(x))); // bit_set[A..=Z] - fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(y))); // bit_set[0..=8; u16] + x: bit_set['A'..='Z'] + #assert(size_of(x) == size_of(u32)) + y: bit_set[0..=8; u16] + fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(x))) // bit_set[A..=Z] + fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(y))) // bit_set[0..=8; u16] - x += {'F'}; - assert('F' in x); - x -= {'F'}; - assert('F' not_in x); + x += {'F'} + assert('F' in x) + x -= {'F'} + assert('F' not_in x) - y += {1, 4, 2}; - assert(2 in y); + y += {1, 4, 2} + assert(2 in y) } { - Letters :: bit_set['A'..='Z']; - a := Letters{'A', 'B'}; - b := Letters{'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F'}; - c := Letters{'A', 'B'}; + Letters :: bit_set['A'..='Z'] + a := Letters{'A', 'B'} + b := Letters{'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F'} + c := Letters{'A', 'B'} - assert(a <= b); // 'a' is a subset of 'b' - assert(b >= a); // 'b' is a superset of 'a' - assert(a < b); // 'a' is a strict subset of 'b' - assert(b > a); // 'b' is a strict superset of 'a' + assert(a <= b) // 'a' is a subset of 'b' + assert(b >= a) // 'b' is a superset of 'a' + assert(a < b) // 'a' is a strict subset of 'b' + assert(b > a) // 'b' is a strict superset of 'a' - assert(!(a < c)); // 'a' is a not strict subset of 'c' - assert(!(c > a)); // 'c' is a not strict superset of 'a' + assert(!(a < c)) // 'a' is a not strict subset of 'c' + assert(!(c > a)) // 'c' is a not strict superset of 'a' } } deferred_procedure_associations :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# deferred procedure associations"); + fmt.println("\n# deferred procedure associations") @(deferred_out=closure) open :: proc(s: string) -> bool { - fmt.println(s); - return true; + fmt.println(s) + return true } closure :: proc(ok: bool) { - fmt.println("Goodbye?", ok); + fmt.println("Goodbye?", ok) } if open("Welcome") { - fmt.println("Something in the middle, mate."); + fmt.println("Something in the middle, mate.") } } reflection :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# reflection"); + fmt.println("\n# reflection") Foo :: struct { x: int `tag1`, y: string `json:"y_field"`, z: bool, // no tag - }; + } - id := typeid_of(Foo); - names := reflect.struct_field_names(id); - types := reflect.struct_field_types(id); - tags := reflect.struct_field_tags(id); + id := typeid_of(Foo) + names := reflect.struct_field_names(id) + types := reflect.struct_field_types(id) + tags := reflect.struct_field_tags(id) - assert(len(names) == len(types) && len(names) == len(tags)); + assert(len(names) == len(types) && len(names) == len(tags)) - fmt.println("Foo :: struct {"); + fmt.println("Foo :: struct {") for tag, i in tags { - name, type := names[i], types[i]; + name, type := names[i], types[i] if tag != "" { - fmt.printf("\t%s: %T `%s`,\n", name, type, tag); + fmt.printf("\t%s: %T `%s`,\n", name, type, tag) } else { - fmt.printf("\t%s: %T,\n", name, type); + fmt.printf("\t%s: %T,\n", name, type) } } - fmt.println("}"); + fmt.println("}") for tag, i in tags { if val, ok := reflect.struct_tag_lookup(tag, "json"); ok { - fmt.printf("json: %s -> %s\n", names[i], val); + fmt.printf("json: %s -> %s\n", names[i], val) } } } quaternions :: proc() { // Not just an April Fool's Joke any more, but a fully working thing! - fmt.println("\n# quaternions"); + fmt.println("\n# quaternions") { // Quaternion operations - q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k; - r := quaternion(5, 6, 7, 8); - t := q * r; - fmt.printf("(%v) * (%v) = %v\n", q, r, t); - v := q / r; - fmt.printf("(%v) / (%v) = %v\n", q, r, v); - u := q + r; - fmt.printf("(%v) + (%v) = %v\n", q, r, u); - s := q - r; - fmt.printf("(%v) - (%v) = %v\n", q, r, s); + q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k + r := quaternion(5, 6, 7, 8) + t := q * r + fmt.printf("(%v) * (%v) = %v\n", q, r, t) + v := q / r + fmt.printf("(%v) / (%v) = %v\n", q, r, v) + u := q + r + fmt.printf("(%v) + (%v) = %v\n", q, r, u) + s := q - r + fmt.printf("(%v) - (%v) = %v\n", q, r, s) } { // The quaternion types - q128: quaternion128; // 4xf32 - q256: quaternion256; // 4xf64 - q128 = quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0); - q256 = 1; // quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0); + q128: quaternion128 // 4xf32 + q256: quaternion256 // 4xf64 + q128 = quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0) + q256 = 1 // quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0); } { // Built-in procedures - q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k; - fmt.println("q =", q); - fmt.println("real(q) =", real(q)); - fmt.println("imag(q) =", imag(q)); - fmt.println("jmag(q) =", jmag(q)); - fmt.println("kmag(q) =", kmag(q)); - fmt.println("conj(q) =", conj(q)); - fmt.println("abs(q) =", abs(q)); + q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k + fmt.println("q =", q) + fmt.println("real(q) =", real(q)) + fmt.println("imag(q) =", imag(q)) + fmt.println("jmag(q) =", jmag(q)) + fmt.println("kmag(q) =", kmag(q)) + fmt.println("conj(q) =", conj(q)) + fmt.println("abs(q) =", abs(q)) } { // Conversion of a complex type to a quaternion type - c := 1 + 2i; - q := quaternion256(c); - fmt.println(c); - fmt.println(q); + c := 1 + 2i + q := quaternion256(c) + fmt.println(c) + fmt.println(q) } { // Memory layout of Quaternions - q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k; - a := transmute([4]f64)q; - fmt.println("Quaternion memory layout: xyzw/(ijkr)"); - fmt.println(q); // 1.000+2.000i+3.000j+4.000k - fmt.println(a); // [2.000, 3.000, 4.000, 1.000] + q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k + a := transmute([4]f64)q + fmt.println("Quaternion memory layout: xyzw/(ijkr)") + fmt.println(q) // 1.000+2.000i+3.000j+4.000k + fmt.println(a) // [2.000, 3.000, 4.000, 1.000] } } unroll_for_statement :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#'#unroll for' statements"); + fmt.println("\n#'#unroll for' statements") // '#unroll for' works the same as if the 'inline' prefix did not // exist but these ranged loops are explicitly unrolled which can // be very very useful for certain optimizations - fmt.println("Ranges"); + fmt.println("Ranges") #unroll for x, i in 1..<4 { - fmt.println(x, i); + fmt.println(x, i) } - fmt.println("Strings"); + fmt.println("Strings") #unroll for r, i in "Hello, 世界" { - fmt.println(r, i); + fmt.println(r, i) } - fmt.println("Arrays"); + fmt.println("Arrays") #unroll for elem, idx in ([4]int{1, 4, 9, 16}) { - fmt.println(elem, idx); + fmt.println(elem, idx) } @@ -1521,43 +1521,43 @@ unroll_for_statement :: proc() { B, C = 6, D, - }; - fmt.println("Enum types"); + } + fmt.println("Enum types") #unroll for elem, idx in Foo_Enum { - fmt.println(elem, idx); + fmt.println(elem, idx) } } where_clauses :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#procedure 'where' clauses"); + fmt.println("\n#procedure 'where' clauses") { // Sanity checks simple_sanity_check :: proc(x: [2]int) where len(x) > 1, type_of(x) == [2]int { - fmt.println(x); + fmt.println(x) } } { // Parametric polymorphism checks cross_2d :: proc(a, b: $T/[2]$E) -> E where intrinsics.type_is_numeric(E) { - return a.x*b.y - a.y*b.x; + return a.x*b.y - a.y*b.x } cross_3d :: proc(a, b: $T/[3]$E) -> T where intrinsics.type_is_numeric(E) { - x := a.y*b.z - a.z*b.y; - y := a.z*b.x - a.x*b.z; - z := a.x*b.y - a.y*b.z; - return T{x, y, z}; + x := a.y*b.z - a.z*b.y + y := a.z*b.x - a.x*b.z + z := a.x*b.y - a.y*b.z + return T{x, y, z} } - a := [2]int{1, 2}; - b := [2]int{5, -3}; - fmt.println(cross_2d(a, b)); + a := [2]int{1, 2} + b := [2]int{5, -3} + fmt.println(cross_2d(a, b)) - x := [3]f32{1, 4, 9}; - y := [3]f32{-5, 0, 3}; - fmt.println(cross_3d(x, y)); + x := [3]f32{1, 4, 9} + y := [3]f32{-5, 0, 3} + fmt.println(cross_3d(x, y)) // Failure case // i := [2]bool{true, false}; @@ -1569,25 +1569,25 @@ where_clauses :: proc() { { // Procedure groups usage foo :: proc(x: [$N]int) -> bool where N > 2 { - fmt.println(#procedure, "was called with the parameter", x); - return true; + fmt.println(#procedure, "was called with the parameter", x) + return true } bar :: proc(x: [$N]int) -> bool where 0 < N, N <= 2 { - fmt.println(#procedure, "was called with the parameter", x); - return false; + fmt.println(#procedure, "was called with the parameter", x) + return false } - baz :: proc{foo, bar}; + baz :: proc{foo, bar} - x := [3]int{1, 2, 3}; - y := [2]int{4, 9}; - ok_x := baz(x); - ok_y := baz(y); - assert(ok_x == true); - assert(ok_y == false); + x := [3]int{1, 2, 3} + y := [2]int{4, 9} + ok_x := baz(x) + ok_y := baz(y) + assert(ok_x == true) + assert(ok_y == false) } { // Record types @@ -1596,12 +1596,12 @@ where_clauses :: proc() { N > 2 { x: [N]T, y: [N-2]T, - }; + } - T :: i32; - N :: 5; - f: Foo(T, N); - #assert(size_of(f) == (N+N-2)*size_of(T)); + T :: i32 + N :: 5 + f: Foo(T, N) + #assert(size_of(f) == (N+N-2)*size_of(T)) } } @@ -1611,7 +1611,7 @@ when ODIN_OS == "windows" { } foreign_system :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#foreign system"); + fmt.println("\n#foreign system") when ODIN_OS == "windows" { // It is sometimes necessarily to interface with foreign code, // such as a C library. In Odin, this is achieved through the @@ -1650,10 +1650,10 @@ foreign_system :: proc() { } ranged_fields_for_array_compound_literals :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#ranged fields for array compound literals"); + fmt.println("\n#ranged fields for array compound literals") { // Normal Array Literal - foo := [?]int{1, 4, 9, 16}; - fmt.println(foo); + foo := [?]int{1, 4, 9, 16} + fmt.println(foo) } { // Indexed foo := [?]int{ @@ -1661,46 +1661,46 @@ ranged_fields_for_array_compound_literals :: proc() { 1 = 4, 2 = 9, 0 = 1, - }; - fmt.println(foo); + } + fmt.println(foo) } { // Ranges - i := 2; + i := 2 foo := [?]int { 0 = 123, 5..=9 = 54, 10..<16 = i*3 + (i-1)*2, - }; - #assert(len(foo) == 16); - fmt.println(foo); // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] + } + #assert(len(foo) == 16) + fmt.println(foo) // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] } { // Slice and Dynamic Array support - i := 2; + i := 2 foo_slice := []int { 0 = 123, 5..=9 = 54, 10..<16 = i*3 + (i-1)*2, - }; - assert(len(foo_slice) == 16); - fmt.println(foo_slice); // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] + } + assert(len(foo_slice) == 16) + fmt.println(foo_slice) // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] foo_dynamic_array := [dynamic]int { 0 = 123, 5..=9 = 54, 10..<16 = i*3 + (i-1)*2, - }; - assert(len(foo_dynamic_array) == 16); - fmt.println(foo_dynamic_array); // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] + } + assert(len(foo_dynamic_array) == 16) + fmt.println(foo_dynamic_array) // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] } } deprecated_attribute :: proc() { @(deprecated="Use foo_v2 instead") foo_v1 :: proc(x: int) { - fmt.println("foo_v1"); + fmt.println("foo_v1") } foo_v2 :: proc(x: int) { - fmt.println("foo_v2"); + fmt.println("foo_v2") } // NOTE: Uncomment to see the warning messages @@ -1709,326 +1709,326 @@ deprecated_attribute :: proc() { range_statements_with_multiple_return_values :: proc() { // IMPORTANT NOTE(bill, 2019-11-02): This feature is subject to be changed/removed - fmt.println("\n#range statements with multiple return values"); + fmt.println("\n#range statements with multiple return values") My_Iterator :: struct { index: int, data: []i32, - }; + } make_my_iterator :: proc(data: []i32) -> My_Iterator { - return My_Iterator{data = data}; + return My_Iterator{data = data} } my_iterator :: proc(it: ^My_Iterator) -> (val: i32, idx: int, cond: bool) { if cond = it.index < len(it.data); cond { - val = it.data[it.index]; - idx = it.index; - it.index += 1; + val = it.data[it.index] + idx = it.index + it.index += 1 } - return; + return } - data := make([]i32, 6); + data := make([]i32, 6) for _, i in data { - data[i] = i32(i*i); + data[i] = i32(i*i) } { - it := make_my_iterator(data); + it := make_my_iterator(data) for val in my_iterator(&it) { - fmt.println(val); + fmt.println(val) } } { - it := make_my_iterator(data); + it := make_my_iterator(data) for val, idx in my_iterator(&it) { - fmt.println(val, idx); + fmt.println(val, idx) } } { - it := make_my_iterator(data); + it := make_my_iterator(data) for { - val, _, cond := my_iterator(&it); + val, _, cond := my_iterator(&it) if !cond { - break; + break } - fmt.println(val); + fmt.println(val) } } } soa_struct_layout :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#SOA Struct Layout"); + fmt.println("\n#SOA Struct Layout") { - Vector3 :: struct {x, y, z: f32}; + Vector3 :: struct {x, y, z: f32} - N :: 2; - v_aos: [N]Vector3; - v_aos[0].x = 1; - v_aos[0].y = 4; - v_aos[0].z = 9; + N :: 2 + v_aos: [N]Vector3 + v_aos[0].x = 1 + v_aos[0].y = 4 + v_aos[0].z = 9 - fmt.println(len(v_aos)); - fmt.println(v_aos[0]); - fmt.println(v_aos[0].x); - fmt.println(&v_aos[0].x); + fmt.println(len(v_aos)) + fmt.println(v_aos[0]) + fmt.println(v_aos[0].x) + fmt.println(&v_aos[0].x) - v_aos[1] = {0, 3, 4}; - v_aos[1].x = 2; - fmt.println(v_aos[1]); - fmt.println(v_aos); + v_aos[1] = {0, 3, 4} + v_aos[1].x = 2 + fmt.println(v_aos[1]) + fmt.println(v_aos) - v_soa: #soa[N]Vector3; + v_soa: #soa[N]Vector3 - v_soa[0].x = 1; - v_soa[0].y = 4; - v_soa[0].z = 9; + v_soa[0].x = 1 + v_soa[0].y = 4 + v_soa[0].z = 9 // Same syntax as AOS and treat as if it was an array - fmt.println(len(v_soa)); - fmt.println(v_soa[0]); - fmt.println(v_soa[0].x); - fmt.println(&v_soa[0].x); - v_soa[1] = {0, 3, 4}; - v_soa[1].x = 2; - fmt.println(v_soa[1]); + fmt.println(len(v_soa)) + fmt.println(v_soa[0]) + fmt.println(v_soa[0].x) + fmt.println(&v_soa[0].x) + v_soa[1] = {0, 3, 4} + v_soa[1].x = 2 + fmt.println(v_soa[1]) // Can use SOA syntax if necessary - v_soa.x[0] = 1; - v_soa.y[0] = 4; - v_soa.z[0] = 9; - fmt.println(v_soa.x[0]); + v_soa.x[0] = 1 + v_soa.y[0] = 4 + v_soa.z[0] = 9 + fmt.println(v_soa.x[0]) // Same pointer addresses with both syntaxes - assert(&v_soa[0].x == &v_soa.x[0]); + assert(&v_soa[0].x == &v_soa.x[0]) // Same fmt printing - fmt.println(v_aos); - fmt.println(v_soa); + fmt.println(v_aos) + fmt.println(v_soa) } { // Works with arrays of length <= 4 which have the implicit fields xyzw/rgba - Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32; + Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32 - N :: 2; - v_aos: [N]Vector3; - v_aos[0].x = 1; - v_aos[0].y = 4; - v_aos[0].z = 9; + N :: 2 + v_aos: [N]Vector3 + v_aos[0].x = 1 + v_aos[0].y = 4 + v_aos[0].z = 9 - v_soa: #soa[N]Vector3; + v_soa: #soa[N]Vector3 - v_soa[0].x = 1; - v_soa[0].y = 4; - v_soa[0].z = 9; + v_soa[0].x = 1 + v_soa[0].y = 4 + v_soa[0].z = 9 } { // SOA Slices // Vector3 :: struct {x, y, z: f32}; - Vector3 :: struct {x: i8, y: i16, z: f32}; + Vector3 :: struct {x: i8, y: i16, z: f32} - N :: 3; - v: #soa[N]Vector3; - v[0].x = 1; - v[0].y = 4; - v[0].z = 9; + N :: 3 + v: #soa[N]Vector3 + v[0].x = 1 + v[0].y = 4 + v[0].z = 9 - s: #soa[]Vector3; - s = v[:]; - assert(len(s) == N); - fmt.println(s); - fmt.println(s[0].x); + s: #soa[]Vector3 + s = v[:] + assert(len(s) == N) + fmt.println(s) + fmt.println(s[0].x) - a := s[1:2]; - assert(len(a) == 1); - fmt.println(a); + a := s[1:2] + assert(len(a) == 1) + fmt.println(a) - d: #soa[dynamic]Vector3; + d: #soa[dynamic]Vector3 - append_soa(&d, Vector3{1, 2, 3}, Vector3{4, 5, 9}, Vector3{-4, -4, 3}); - fmt.println(d); - fmt.println(len(d)); - fmt.println(cap(d)); - fmt.println(d[:]); + append_soa(&d, Vector3{1, 2, 3}, Vector3{4, 5, 9}, Vector3{-4, -4, 3}) + fmt.println(d) + fmt.println(len(d)) + fmt.println(cap(d)) + fmt.println(d[:]) } { // soa_zip and soa_unzip - fmt.println("\nsoa_zip and soa_unzip"); + fmt.println("\nsoa_zip and soa_unzip") - x := []i32{1, 3, 9}; - y := []f32{2, 4, 16}; - z := []b32{true, false, true}; + x := []i32{1, 3, 9} + y := []f32{2, 4, 16} + z := []b32{true, false, true} // produce an #soa slice the normal slices passed - s := soa_zip(a=x, b=y, c=z); + s := soa_zip(a=x, b=y, c=z) // iterate over the #soa slice for v, i in s { - fmt.println(v, i); // exactly the same as s[i] + fmt.println(v, i) // exactly the same as s[i] // NOTE: 'v' is NOT a temporary value but has a specialized addressing mode // which means that when accessing v.a etc, it does the correct transformation // internally: // s[i].a === s.a[i] - fmt.println(v.a, v.b, v.c); + fmt.println(v.a, v.b, v.c) } // Recover the slices from the #soa slice - a, b, c := soa_unzip(s); - fmt.println(a, b, c); + a, b, c := soa_unzip(s) + fmt.println(a, b, c) } } constant_literal_expressions :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#constant literal expressions"); + fmt.println("\n#constant literal expressions") - Bar :: struct {x, y: f32}; - Foo :: struct {a, b: int, using c: Bar}; + Bar :: struct {x, y: f32} + Foo :: struct {a, b: int, using c: Bar} - FOO_CONST :: Foo{b = 2, a = 1, c = {3, 4}}; + FOO_CONST :: Foo{b = 2, a = 1, c = {3, 4}} - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.a); - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.b); - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c); - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c.x); - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c.y); - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.x); // using works as expected - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.y); + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.a) + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.b) + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c) + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c.x) + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c.y) + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.x) // using works as expected + fmt.println(FOO_CONST.y) - fmt.println("-------"); + fmt.println("-------") - ARRAY_CONST :: [3]int{1 = 4, 2 = 9, 0 = 1}; + ARRAY_CONST :: [3]int{1 = 4, 2 = 9, 0 = 1} - fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[0]); - fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[1]); - fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[2]); + fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[0]) + fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[1]) + fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[2]) - fmt.println("-------"); + fmt.println("-------") - FOO_ARRAY_DEFAULTS :: [3]Foo{{}, {}, {}}; - fmt.println(FOO_ARRAY_DEFAULTS[2].x); + FOO_ARRAY_DEFAULTS :: [3]Foo{{}, {}, {}} + fmt.println(FOO_ARRAY_DEFAULTS[2].x) - fmt.println("-------"); + fmt.println("-------") - Baz :: enum{A=5, B, C, D}; - ENUM_ARRAY_CONST :: [Baz]int{.A ..= .C = 1, .D = 16}; + Baz :: enum{A=5, B, C, D} + ENUM_ARRAY_CONST :: [Baz]int{.A ..= .C = 1, .D = 16} - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.A]); - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.B]); - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.C]); - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.D]); + fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.A]) + fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.B]) + fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.C]) + fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.D]) - fmt.println("-------"); + fmt.println("-------") - Partial_Baz :: enum{A=5, B, C, D=16}; - #assert(len(Partial_Baz) < len(#partial [Partial_Baz]int)); - PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST :: #partial [Partial_Baz]int{.A ..= .C = 1, .D = 16}; + Partial_Baz :: enum{A=5, B, C, D=16} + #assert(len(Partial_Baz) < len(#partial [Partial_Baz]int)) + PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST :: #partial [Partial_Baz]int{.A ..= .C = 1, .D = 16} - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.A]); - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.B]); - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.C]); - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.D]); + fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.A]) + fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.B]) + fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.C]) + fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.D]) - fmt.println("-------"); + fmt.println("-------") - STRING_CONST :: "Hellope!"; + STRING_CONST :: "Hellope!" - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[0]); - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[2]); - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[3]); + fmt.println(STRING_CONST[0]) + fmt.println(STRING_CONST[2]) + fmt.println(STRING_CONST[3]) - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[0:5]); - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[3:][:4]); + fmt.println(STRING_CONST[0:5]) + fmt.println(STRING_CONST[3:][:4]) } union_maybe :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#union #maybe"); + fmt.println("\n#union #maybe") // NOTE: This is already built-in, and this is just a reimplementation to explain the behaviour - Maybe :: union($T: typeid) #maybe {T}; + Maybe :: union($T: typeid) #maybe {T} - i: Maybe(u8); - p: Maybe(^u8); // No tag is stored for pointers, nil is the sentinel value + i: Maybe(u8) + p: Maybe(^u8) // No tag is stored for pointers, nil is the sentinel value - #assert(size_of(i) == size_of(u8) + size_of(u8)); - #assert(size_of(p) == size_of(^u8)); + #assert(size_of(i) == size_of(u8) + size_of(u8)) + #assert(size_of(p) == size_of(^u8)) - i = 123; - x := i.?; - y, y_ok := p.?; - p = &x; - z, z_ok := p.?; + i = 123 + x := i.? + y, y_ok := p.? + p = &x + z, z_ok := p.? - fmt.println(i, p); - fmt.println(x, &x); - fmt.println(y, y_ok); - fmt.println(z, z_ok); + fmt.println(i, p) + fmt.println(x, &x) + fmt.println(y, y_ok) + fmt.println(z, z_ok) } dummy_procedure :: proc() { - fmt.println("dummy_procedure"); + fmt.println("dummy_procedure") } explicit_context_definition :: proc "c" () { // Try commenting the following statement out below - context = runtime.default_context(); + context = runtime.default_context() - fmt.println("\n#explicit context definition"); - dummy_procedure(); + fmt.println("\n#explicit context definition") + dummy_procedure() } relative_data_types :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#relative data types"); - - x: int = 123; - ptr: #relative(i16) ^int; - ptr = &x; - fmt.println(ptr^); - - arr := [3]int{1, 2, 3}; - s := arr[:]; - rel_slice: #relative(i16) []int; - rel_slice = s; - fmt.println(rel_slice); - fmt.println(rel_slice[:]); - fmt.println(rel_slice[1]); + fmt.println("\n#relative data types") + + x: int = 123 + ptr: #relative(i16) ^int + ptr = &x + fmt.println(ptr^) + + arr := [3]int{1, 2, 3} + s := arr[:] + rel_slice: #relative(i16) []int + rel_slice = s + fmt.println(rel_slice) + fmt.println(rel_slice[:]) + fmt.println(rel_slice[1]) } or_else_operator :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#'or_else'"); + fmt.println("\n#'or_else'") // IMPORTANT NOTE: 'or_else' is an experimental feature and subject to change/removal { - m: map[string]int; - i: int; - ok: bool; + m: map[string]int + i: int + ok: bool if i, ok = m["hellope"]; !ok { - i = 123; + i = 123 } // The above can be mapped to 'or_else' - i = m["hellope"] or_else 123; + i = m["hellope"] or_else 123 - assert(i == 123); + assert(i == 123) } { // 'or_else' can be used with type assertions too, as they // have optional ok semantics - v: union{int, f64}; - i: int; - i = v.(int) or_else 123; - i = v.? or_else 123; // Type inference magic - assert(i == 123); + v: union{int, f64} + i: int + i = v.(int) or_else 123 + i = v.? or_else 123 // Type inference magic + assert(i == 123) - m: Maybe(int); - i = m.? or_else 456; - assert(i == 456); + m: Maybe(int) + i = m.? or_else 456 + assert(i == 456) } } or_return_operator :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#'or_return'"); + fmt.println("\n#'or_return'") // IMPORTANT NOTE: 'or_return' is an experimental feature and subject to change/removal // // The concept of 'or_return' will work by popping off the end value in a multiple @@ -2044,42 +2044,42 @@ or_return_operator :: proc() { Something_Worse, The_Worst, Your_Mum, - }; + } caller_1 :: proc() -> Error { - return .None; + return .None } caller_2 :: proc() -> (int, Error) { - return 123, .None; + return 123, .None } caller_3 :: proc() -> (int, int, Error) { - return 123, 345, .None; + return 123, 345, .None } foo_1 :: proc() -> Error { // This can be a common idiom in many code bases - n0, err := caller_2(); + n0, err := caller_2() if err != nil { - return err; + return err } // The above idiom can be transformed into the following - n1 := caller_2() or_return; + n1 := caller_2() or_return // And if the expression is 1-valued, it can be used like this - caller_1() or_return; + caller_1() or_return // which is functionally equivalent to if err1 := caller_1(); err1 != nil { - return err1; + return err1 } // Multiple return values still work with 'or_return' as it only // pops off the end value in the multi-valued expression - n0, n1 = caller_3() or_return; + n0, n1 = caller_3() or_return - return .None; + return .None } foo_2 :: proc() -> (n: int, err: Error) { // It is more common that your procedure turns multiple values @@ -2088,79 +2088,79 @@ or_return_operator :: proc() { // so that a bare 'return' statement can be used // This can be a common idiom in many code bases - x: int; - x, err = caller_2(); + x: int + x, err = caller_2() if err != nil { - return; + return } // The above idiom can be transformed into the following - y := caller_2() or_return; - _ = y; + y := caller_2() or_return + _ = y // And if the expression is 1-valued, it can be used like this - caller_1() or_return; + caller_1() or_return // which is functionally equivalent to if err1 := caller_1(); err1 != nil { - err = err1; - return; + err = err1 + return } // If using a non-bare 'return' statement is required, setting the return values // using the normal idiom is a better choice and clearer to read. if z, zerr := caller_2(); zerr != nil { - return -345 * z, zerr; + return -345 * z, zerr } // If the other return values need to be set depending on what the end value is, // the 'defer if' idiom is can be used defer if err != nil { - n = -1; + n = -1 } - n = 123; - return; + n = 123 + return } - foo_1(); - foo_2(); + foo_1() + foo_2() } main :: proc() { when true { - the_basics(); - control_flow(); - named_proc_return_parameters(); - explicit_procedure_overloading(); - struct_type(); - union_type(); - using_statement(); - implicit_context_system(); - parametric_polymorphism(); - array_programming(); - map_type(); - implicit_selector_expression(); - partial_switch(); - cstring_example(); - bit_set_type(); - deferred_procedure_associations(); - reflection(); - quaternions(); - unroll_for_statement(); - where_clauses(); - foreign_system(); - ranged_fields_for_array_compound_literals(); - deprecated_attribute(); - range_statements_with_multiple_return_values(); - threading_example(); - soa_struct_layout(); - constant_literal_expressions(); - union_maybe(); - explicit_context_definition(); - relative_data_types(); - or_else_operator(); - or_return_operator(); + the_basics() + control_flow() + named_proc_return_parameters() + explicit_procedure_overloading() + struct_type() + union_type() + using_statement() + implicit_context_system() + parametric_polymorphism() + array_programming() + map_type() + implicit_selector_expression() + partial_switch() + cstring_example() + bit_set_type() + deferred_procedure_associations() + reflection() + quaternions() + unroll_for_statement() + where_clauses() + foreign_system() + ranged_fields_for_array_compound_literals() + deprecated_attribute() + range_statements_with_multiple_return_values() + threading_example() + soa_struct_layout() + constant_literal_expressions() + union_maybe() + explicit_context_definition() + relative_data_types() + or_else_operator() + or_return_operator() } } diff --git a/examples/demo_insert_semicolon/demo.odin b/examples/demo_insert_semicolon/demo.odin deleted file mode 100644 index 3fbae274e..000000000 --- a/examples/demo_insert_semicolon/demo.odin +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2007 +0,0 @@ -package main - -import "core:fmt" -import "core:mem" -import "core:os" -import "core:thread" -import "core:time" -import "core:reflect" -import "core:runtime" -import "intrinsics" - -/* - The Odin programming language is fast, concise, readable, pragmatic and open sourced. - It is designed with the intent of replacing C with the following goals: - * simplicity - * high performance - * built for modern systems - * joy of programming - - # Installing Odin - Getting Started - https://odin-lang.org/docs/install/ - Instructions for downloading and install the Odin compiler and libraries. - - # Learning Odin - Overview of Odin - https://odin-lang.org/docs/overview/ - An overview of the Odin programming language. - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - https://odin-lang.org/docs/faq/ - Answers to common questions about Odin. -*/ - -the_basics :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# the basics") - - { // The Basics - fmt.println("Hellope") - - // Lexical elements and literals - // A comment - - my_integer_variable: int // A comment for documentaton - - // Multi-line comments begin with /* and end with */. Multi-line comments can - // also be nested (unlike in C): - /* - You can have any text or code here and - have it be commented. - /* - NOTE: comments can be nested! - */ - */ - - // String literals are enclosed in double quotes and character literals in single quotes. - // Special characters are escaped with a backslash \ - - some_string := "This is a string" - _ = 'A' // unicode codepoint literal - _ = '\n' - _ = "C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe" - // Raw string literals are enclosed with single back ticks - _ = `C:\Windows\notepad.exe` - - // The length of a string in bytes can be found using the built-in `len` procedure: - _ = len("Foo") - _ = len(some_string) - - - // Numbers - - // Numerical literals are written similar to most other programming languages. - // A useful feature in Odin is that underscores are allowed for better - // readability: 1_000_000_000 (one billion). A number that contains a dot is a - // floating point literal: 1.0e9 (one billion). If a number literal is suffixed - // with i, is an imaginary number literal: 2i (2 multiply the square root of -1). - - // Binary literals are prefixed with 0b, octal literals with 0o, and hexadecimal - // literals 0x. A leading zero does not produce an octal constant (unlike C). - - // In Odin, if a number constant is possible to be represented by a type without - // precision loss, it will automatically convert to that type. - - x: int = 1.0 // A float literal but it can be represented by an integer without precision loss - // Constant literals are “untyped” which means that they can implicitly convert to a type. - - y: int // `y` is typed of type `int` - y = 1 // `1` is an untyped integer literal which can implicitly convert to `int` - - z: f64 // `z` is typed of type `f64` (64-bit floating point number) - z = 1 // `1` is an untyped integer literals which can be implicity conver to `f64` - // No need for any suffixes or decimal places like in other languages - // CONSTANTS JUST WORK!!! - - - // Assignment statements - h: int = 123 // declares a new variable `h` with type `int` and assigns a value to it - h = 637 // assigns a new value to `h` - - // `=` is the assignment operator - - // You can assign multiple variables with it: - a, b := 1, "hello" // declares `a` and `b` and infers the types from the assignments - b, a = "byte", 0 - - // Note: `:=` is two tokens, `:` and `=`. The following are equivalent, - /* - i: int = 123 - i: = 123 - i := 123 - */ - - // Constant declarations - // Constants are entities (symbols) which have an assigned value. - // The constant’s value cannot be changed. - // The constant’s value must be able to be evaluated at compile time: - X :: "what" // constant `X` has the untyped string value "what" - - // Constants can be explicitly typed like a variable declaration: - Y : int : 123 - Z :: Y + 7 // constant computations are possible - - _ = my_integer_variable - _ = x - } -} - -control_flow :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# control flow") - { // Control flow - // For loop - // Odin has only one loop statement, the `for` loop - - // Basic for loop - for i := 0; i < 10; i += 1 { - fmt.println(i) - } - - // NOTE: Unlike other languages like C, there are no parentheses `( )` surrounding the three components. - // Braces `{ }` or a `do` are always required - for i := 0; i < 10; i += 1 { } - // for i := 0; i < 10; i += 1 do fmt.print() - - // The initial and post statements are optional - i := 0 - for ; i < 10; { - i += 1 - } - - // These semicolons can be dropped. This `for` loop is equivalent to C's `while` loop - i = 0 - for i < 10 { - i += 1 - } - - // If the condition is omitted, this produces an infinite loop: - for { - break - } - - // Range-based for loop - // The basic for loop - for j := 0; j < 10; j += 1 { - fmt.println(j) - } - // can also be written - for j in 0..<10 { - fmt.println(j) - } - for j in 0..9 { - fmt.println(j) - } - - // Certain built-in types can be iterated over - some_string := "Hello, 世界" - for character in some_string { // Strings are assumed to be UTF-8 - fmt.println(character) - } - - some_array := [3]int{1, 4, 9} - for value in some_array { - fmt.println(value) - } - - some_slice := []int{1, 4, 9} - for value in some_slice { - fmt.println(value) - } - - some_dynamic_array := [dynamic]int{1, 4, 9} - defer delete(some_dynamic_array) - for value in some_dynamic_array { - fmt.println(value) - } - - - some_map := map[string]int{"A" = 1, "C" = 9, "B" = 4} - defer delete(some_map) - for key in some_map { - fmt.println(key) - } - - // Alternatively a second index value can be added - for character, index in some_string { - fmt.println(index, character) - } - for value, index in some_array { - fmt.println(index, value) - } - for value, index in some_slice { - fmt.println(index, value) - } - for value, index in some_dynamic_array { - fmt.println(index, value) - } - for key, value in some_map { - fmt.println(key, value) - } - - // The iterated values are copies and cannot be written to. - // The following idiom is useful for iterating over a container in a by-reference manner: - for _, idx in some_slice { - some_slice[idx] = (idx+1)*(idx+1) - } - - - // If statements - x := 123 - if x >= 0 { - fmt.println("x is positive") - } - - if y := -34; y < 0 { - fmt.println("y is negative") - } - - if y := 123; y < 0 { - fmt.println("y is negative") - } else if y == 0 { - fmt.println("y is zero") - } else { - fmt.println("y is positive") - } - - // Switch statement - // A switch statement is another way to write a sequence of if-else statements. - // In Odin, the default case is denoted as a case without any expression. - - switch arch := ODIN_ARCH; arch { - case "386": - fmt.println("32-bit") - case "amd64": - fmt.println("64-bit") - case: // default - fmt.println("Unsupported architecture") - } - - // Odin’s `switch` is like one in C or C++, except that Odin only runs the selected case. - // This means that a `break` statement is not needed at the end of each case. - // Another important difference is that the case values need not be integers nor constants. - - // To achieve a C-like fall through into the next case block, the keyword `fallthrough` can be used. - one_angry_dwarf :: proc() -> int { - fmt.println("one_angry_dwarf was called") - return 1 - } - - switch j := 0; j { - case 0: - case one_angry_dwarf(): - } - - // A switch statement without a condition is the same as `switch true`. - // This can be used to write a clean and long if-else chain and have the - // ability to break if needed - - switch { - case x < 0: - fmt.println("x is negative") - case x == 0: - fmt.println("x is zero") - case: - fmt.println("x is positive") - } - - // A `switch` statement can also use ranges like a range-based loop: - switch c := 'j'; c { - case 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9': - fmt.println("c is alphanumeric") - } - - switch x { - case 0..<10: - fmt.println("units") - case 10..<13: - fmt.println("pre-teens") - case 13..<20: - fmt.println("teens") - case 20..<30: - fmt.println("twenties") - } - } - - { // Defer statement - // A defer statement defers the execution of a statement until the end of - // the scope it is in. - - // The following will print 4 then 234: - { - x := 123 - defer fmt.println(x) - { - defer x = 4 - x = 2 - } - fmt.println(x) - - x = 234 - } - - // You can defer an entire block too: - { - bar :: proc() {} - - defer { - fmt.println("1") - fmt.println("2") - } - - cond := false - defer if cond { - bar() - } - } - - // Defer statements are executed in the reverse order that they were declared: - { - defer fmt.println("1") - defer fmt.println("2") - defer fmt.println("3") - } - // Will print 3, 2, and then 1. - - if false { - f, err := os.open("my_file.txt") - if err != 0 { - // handle error - } - defer os.close(f) - // rest of code - } - } - - { // When statement - /* - The when statement is almost identical to the if statement but with some differences: - - * Each condition must be a constant expression as a when - statement is evaluated at compile time. - * The statements within a branch do not create a new scope - * The compiler checks the semantics and code only for statements - that belong to the first condition that is true - * An initial statement is not allowed in a when statement - * when statements are allowed at file scope - */ - - // Example - when ODIN_ARCH == "386" { - fmt.println("32 bit") - } else when ODIN_ARCH == "amd64" { - fmt.println("64 bit") - } else { - fmt.println("Unsupported architecture") - } - // The when statement is very useful for writing platform specific code. - // This is akin to the #if construct in C’s preprocessor however, in Odin, - // it is type checked. - } - - { // Branch statements - cond, cond1, cond2 := false, false, false - one_step :: proc() { fmt.println("one_step") } - beyond :: proc() { fmt.println("beyond") } - - // Break statement - for cond { - switch { - case: - if cond { - break // break out of the `switch` statement - } - } - - break // break out of the `for` statement - } - - loop: for cond1 { - for cond2 { - break loop // leaves both loops - } - } - - // Continue statement - for cond { - if cond2 { - continue - } - fmt.println("Hellope") - } - - // Fallthrough statement - - // Odin’s switch is like one in C or C++, except that Odin only runs the selected - // case. This means that a break statement is not needed at the end of each case. - // Another important difference is that the case values need not be integers nor - // constants. - - // fallthrough can be used to explicitly fall through into the next case block: - - switch i := 0; i { - case 0: - one_step() - fallthrough - case 1: - beyond() - } - } -} - - -named_proc_return_parameters :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# named proc return parameters") - - foo0 :: proc() -> int { - return 123 - } - foo1 :: proc() -> (a: int) { - a = 123 - return - } - foo2 :: proc() -> (a, b: int) { - // Named return values act like variables within the scope - a = 321 - b = 567 - return b, a - } - fmt.println("foo0 =", foo0()) // 123 - fmt.println("foo1 =", foo1()) // 123 - fmt.println("foo2 =", foo2()) // 567 321 -} - - -explicit_procedure_overloading :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# explicit procedure overloading") - - add_ints :: proc(a, b: int) -> int { - x := a + b - fmt.println("add_ints", x) - return x - } - add_floats :: proc(a, b: f32) -> f32 { - x := a + b - fmt.println("add_floats", x) - return x - } - add_numbers :: proc(a: int, b: f32, c: u8) -> int { - x := int(a) + int(b) + int(c) - fmt.println("add_numbers", x) - return x - } - - add :: proc{add_ints, add_floats, add_numbers} - - add(int(1), int(2)) - add(f32(1), f32(2)) - add(int(1), f32(2), u8(3)) - - add(1, 2) // untyped ints coerce to int tighter than f32 - add(1.0, 2.0) // untyped floats coerce to f32 tighter than int - add(1, 2, 3) // three parameters - - // Ambiguous answers - // add(1.0, 2) - // add(1, 2.0) -} - -struct_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# struct type") - // A struct is a record type in Odin. It is a collection of fields. - // Struct fields are accessed by using a dot: - { - Vector2 :: struct { - x: f32, - y: f32, - } - v := Vector2{1, 2} - v.x = 4 - fmt.println(v.x) - - // Struct fields can be accessed through a struct pointer: - - v = Vector2{1, 2} - p := &v - p.x = 1335 - fmt.println(v) - - // We could write p^.x, however, it is to nice abstract the ability - // to not explicitly dereference the pointer. This is very useful when - // refactoring code to use a pointer rather than a value, and vice versa. - } - { - // A struct literal can be denoted by providing the struct’s type - // followed by {}. A struct literal must either provide all the - // arguments or none: - Vector3 :: struct { - x, y, z: f32, - } - v: Vector3 - v = Vector3{} // Zero value - v = Vector3{1, 4, 9} - - // You can list just a subset of the fields if you specify the - // field by name (the order of the named fields does not matter): - v = Vector3{z=1, y=2} - assert(v.x == 0) - assert(v.y == 2) - assert(v.z == 1) - } - { - // Structs can tagged with different memory layout and alignment requirements: - - a :: struct #align 4 {} // align to 4 bytes - b :: struct #packed {} // remove padding between fields - c :: struct #raw_union {} // all fields share the same offset (0). This is the same as C's union - } - -} - - -union_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# union type") - { - val: union{int, bool} - val = 137 - if i, ok := val.(int); ok { - fmt.println(i) - } - val = true - fmt.println(val) - - val = nil - - switch v in val { - case int: fmt.println("int", v) - case bool: fmt.println("bool", v) - case: fmt.println("nil") - } - } - { - // There is a duality between `any` and `union` - // An `any` has a pointer to the data and allows for any type (open) - // A `union` has as binary blob to store the data and allows only certain types (closed) - // The following code is with `any` but has the same syntax - val: any - val = 137 - if i, ok := val.(int); ok { - fmt.println(i) - } - val = true - fmt.println(val) - - val = nil - - switch v in val { - case int: fmt.println("int", v) - case bool: fmt.println("bool", v) - case: fmt.println("nil") - } - } - - Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32 - Quaternion :: distinct quaternion128 - - // More realistic examples - { - // NOTE(bill): For the above basic examples, you may not have any - // particular use for it. However, my main use for them is not for these - // simple cases. My main use is for hierarchical types. Many prefer - // subtyping, embedding the base data into the derived types. Below is - // an example of this for a basic game Entity. - - Entity :: struct { - id: u64, - name: string, - position: Vector3, - orientation: Quaternion, - - derived: any, - } - - Frog :: struct { - using entity: Entity, - jump_height: f32, - } - - Monster :: struct { - using entity: Entity, - is_robot: bool, - is_zombie: bool, - } - - // See `parametric_polymorphism` procedure for details - new_entity :: proc($T: typeid) -> ^Entity { - t := new(T) - t.derived = t^ - return t - } - - entity := new_entity(Monster) - - switch e in entity.derived { - case Frog: - fmt.println("Ribbit") - case Monster: - if e.is_robot { fmt.println("Robotic") } - if e.is_zombie { fmt.println("Grrrr!") } - fmt.println("I'm a monster") - } - } - - { - // NOTE(bill): A union can be used to achieve something similar. Instead - // of embedding the base data into the derived types, the derived data - // in embedded into the base type. Below is the same example of the - // basic game Entity but using an union. - - Entity :: struct { - id: u64, - name: string, - position: Vector3, - orientation: Quaternion, - - derived: union {Frog, Monster}, - } - - Frog :: struct { - using entity: ^Entity, - jump_height: f32, - } - - Monster :: struct { - using entity: ^Entity, - is_robot: bool, - is_zombie: bool, - } - - // See `parametric_polymorphism` procedure for details - new_entity :: proc($T: typeid) -> ^Entity { - t := new(Entity) - t.derived = T{entity = t} - return t - } - - entity := new_entity(Monster) - - switch e in entity.derived { - case Frog: - fmt.println("Ribbit") - case Monster: - if e.is_robot { fmt.println("Robotic") } - if e.is_zombie { fmt.println("Grrrr!") } - } - - // NOTE(bill): As you can see, the usage code has not changed, only its - // memory layout. Both approaches have their own advantages but they can - // be used together to achieve different results. The subtyping approach - // can allow for a greater control of the memory layout and memory - // allocation, e.g. storing the derivatives together. However, this is - // also its disadvantage. You must either preallocate arrays for each - // derivative separation (which can be easily missed) or preallocate a - // bunch of "raw" memory; determining the maximum size of the derived - // types would require the aid of metaprogramming. Unions solve this - // particular problem as the data is stored with the base data. - // Therefore, it is possible to preallocate, e.g. [100]Entity. - - // It should be noted that the union approach can have the same memory - // layout as the any and with the same type restrictions by using a - // pointer type for the derivatives. - - /* - Entity :: struct { - ... - derived: union{^Frog, ^Monster}, - } - - Frog :: struct { - using entity: Entity, - ... - } - Monster :: struct { - using entity: Entity, - ... - - } - new_entity :: proc(T: type) -> ^Entity { - t := new(T) - t.derived = t - return t - } - */ - } -} - -using_statement :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# using statement") - // using can used to bring entities declared in a scope/namespace - // into the current scope. This can be applied to import names, struct - // fields, procedure fields, and struct values. - - Vector3 :: struct{x, y, z: f32} - { - Entity :: struct { - position: Vector3, - orientation: quaternion128, - } - - // It can used like this: - foo0 :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - fmt.println(entity.position.x, entity.position.y, entity.position.z) - } - - // The entity members can be brought into the procedure scope by using it: - foo1 :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - using entity - fmt.println(position.x, position.y, position.z) - } - - // The using can be applied to the parameter directly: - foo2 :: proc(using entity: ^Entity) { - fmt.println(position.x, position.y, position.z) - } - - // It can also be applied to sub-fields: - foo3 :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - using entity.position - fmt.println(x, y, z) - } - } - { - // We can also apply the using statement to the struct fields directly, - // making all the fields of position appear as if they on Entity itself: - Entity :: struct { - using position: Vector3, - orientation: quaternion128, - } - foo :: proc(entity: ^Entity) { - fmt.println(entity.x, entity.y, entity.z) - } - - - // Subtype polymorphism - // It is possible to get subtype polymorphism, similar to inheritance-like - // functionality in C++, but without the requirement of vtables or unknown - // struct layout: - - Colour :: struct {r, g, b, a: u8} - Frog :: struct { - ribbit_volume: f32, - using entity: Entity, - colour: Colour, - } - - frog: Frog - // Both work - foo(&frog.entity) - foo(&frog) - frog.x = 123 - - // Note: using can be applied to arbitrarily many things, which allows - // the ability to have multiple subtype polymorphism (but also its issues). - - // Note: using’d fields can still be referred by name. - } - { // using on an enum declaration - - using Foo :: enum {A, B, C} - - f0 := A - f1 := B - f2 := C - fmt.println(f0, f1, f2) - fmt.println(len(Foo)) - } -} - - -implicit_context_system :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# implicit context system") - // In each scope, there is an implicit value named context. This - // context variable is local to each scope and is implicitly passed - // by pointer to any procedure call in that scope (if the procedure - // has the Odin calling convention). - - // The main purpose of the implicit context system is for the ability - // to intercept third-party code and libraries and modify their - // functionality. One such case is modifying how a library allocates - // something or logs something. In C, this was usually achieved with - // the library defining macros which could be overridden so that the - // user could define what he wanted. However, not many libraries - // supported this in many languages by default which meant intercepting - // third-party code to see what it does and to change how it does it is - // not possible. - - c := context // copy the current scope's context - - context.user_index = 456 - { - context.allocator = my_custom_allocator() - context.user_index = 123 - what_a_fool_believes() // the `context` for this scope is implicitly passed to `what_a_fool_believes` - } - - // `context` value is local to the scope it is in - assert(context.user_index == 456) - - what_a_fool_believes :: proc() { - c := context // this `context` is the same as the parent procedure that it was called from - // From this example, context.user_index == 123 - // An context.allocator is assigned to the return value of `my_custom_allocator()` - assert(context.user_index == 123) - - // The memory management procedure use the `context.allocator` by - // default unless explicitly specified otherwise - china_grove := new(int) - free(china_grove) - - _ = c - } - - my_custom_allocator :: mem.nil_allocator - _ = c - - // By default, the context value has default values for its parameters which is - // decided in the package runtime. What the defaults are are compiler specific. - - // To see what the implicit context value contains, please see the following - // definition in package runtime. -} - -parametric_polymorphism :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# parametric polymorphism") - - print_value :: proc(value: $T) { - fmt.printf("print_value: %T %v\n", value, value) - } - - v1: int = 1 - v2: f32 = 2.1 - v3: f64 = 3.14 - v4: string = "message" - - print_value(v1) - print_value(v2) - print_value(v3) - print_value(v4) - - fmt.println() - - add :: proc(p, q: $T) -> T { - x: T = p + q - return x - } - - a := add(3, 4) - fmt.printf("a: %T = %v\n", a, a) - - b := add(3.2, 4.3) - fmt.printf("b: %T = %v\n", b, b) - - // This is how `new` is implemented - alloc_type :: proc($T: typeid) -> ^T { - t := cast(^T)alloc(size_of(T), align_of(T)) - t^ = T{} // Use default initialization value - return t - } - - copy_slice :: proc(dst, src: []$T) -> int { - n := min(len(dst), len(src)) - if n > 0 { - mem.copy(&dst[0], &src[0], n*size_of(T)) - } - return n - } - - double_params :: proc(a: $A, b: $B) -> A { - return a + A(b) - } - - fmt.println(double_params(12, 1.345)) - - - - { // Polymorphic Types and Type Specialization - Table_Slot :: struct(Key, Value: typeid) { - occupied: bool, - hash: u32, - key: Key, - value: Value, - } - TABLE_SIZE_MIN :: 32 - Table :: struct(Key, Value: typeid) { - count: int, - allocator: mem.Allocator, - slots: []Table_Slot(Key, Value), - } - - // Only allow types that are specializations of a (polymorphic) slice - make_slice :: proc($T: typeid/[]$E, len: int) -> T { - return make(T, len) - } - - // Only allow types that are specializations of `Table` - allocate :: proc(table: ^$T/Table, capacity: int) { - c := context - if table.allocator.procedure != nil { - c.allocator = table.allocator - } - context = c - - table.slots = make_slice(type_of(table.slots), max(capacity, TABLE_SIZE_MIN)) - } - - expand :: proc(table: ^$T/Table) { - c := context - if table.allocator.procedure != nil { - c.allocator = table.allocator - } - context = c - - old_slots := table.slots - defer delete(old_slots) - - cap := max(2*len(table.slots), TABLE_SIZE_MIN) - allocate(table, cap) - - for s in old_slots { - if s.occupied { - put(table, s.key, s.value) - } - } - } - - // Polymorphic determination of a polymorphic struct - // put :: proc(table: ^$T/Table, key: T.Key, value: T.Value) { - put :: proc(table: ^Table($Key, $Value), key: Key, value: Value) { - hash := get_hash(key) // Ad-hoc method which would fail in a different scope - index := find_index(table, key, hash) - if index < 0 { - if f64(table.count) >= 0.75*f64(len(table.slots)) { - expand(table) - } - assert(table.count <= len(table.slots)) - - index = int(hash % u32(len(table.slots))) - - for table.slots[index].occupied { - if index += 1; index >= len(table.slots) { - index = 0 - } - } - - table.count += 1 - } - - slot := &table.slots[index] - slot.occupied = true - slot.hash = hash - slot.key = key - slot.value = value - } - - - // find :: proc(table: ^$T/Table, key: T.Key) -> (T.Value, bool) { - find :: proc(table: ^Table($Key, $Value), key: Key) -> (Value, bool) { - hash := get_hash(key) - index := find_index(table, key, hash) - if index < 0 { - return Value{}, false - } - return table.slots[index].value, true - } - - find_index :: proc(table: ^Table($Key, $Value), key: Key, hash: u32) -> int { - if len(table.slots) <= 0 { - return -1 - } - - index := int(hash % u32(len(table.slots))) - for table.slots[index].occupied { - if table.slots[index].hash == hash { - if table.slots[index].key == key { - return index - } - } - - if index += 1; index >= len(table.slots) { - index = 0 - } - } - - return -1 - } - - get_hash :: proc(s: string) -> u32 { // fnv32a - h: u32 = 0x811c9dc5 - for i in 0..<len(s) { - h = (h ~ u32(s[i])) * 0x01000193 - } - return h - } - - - table: Table(string, int) - - for i in 0..36 { put(&table, "Hellope", i) } - for i in 0..42 { put(&table, "World!", i) } - - found, _ := find(&table, "Hellope") - fmt.printf("`found` is %v\n", found) - - found, _ = find(&table, "World!") - fmt.printf("`found` is %v\n", found) - - // I would not personally design a hash table like this in production - // but this is a nice basic example - // A better approach would either use a `u64` or equivalent for the key - // and let the user specify the hashing function or make the user store - // the hashing procedure with the table - } - - { // Parametric polymorphic union - Error :: enum { - Foo0, - Foo1, - Foo2, - Foo3, - } - Para_Union :: union(T: typeid) {T, Error} - r: Para_Union(int) - fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(r))) - - fmt.println(r) - r = 123 - fmt.println(r) - r = Error.Foo0 // r = .Foo0; is allow too, see implicit selector expressions below - fmt.println(r) - } - - { // Polymorphic names - foo :: proc($N: $I, $T: typeid) -> (res: [N]T) { - // `N` is the constant value passed - // `I` is the type of N - // `T` is the type passed - fmt.printf("Generating an array of type %v from the value %v of type %v\n", - typeid_of(type_of(res)), N, typeid_of(I)) - for i in 0..<N { - res[i] = T(i*i) - } - return - } - - T :: int - array := foo(4, T) - for v, i in array { - assert(v == T(i*i)) - } - - // Matrix multiplication - mul :: proc(a: [$M][$N]$T, b: [N][$P]T) -> (c: [M][P]T) { - for i in 0..<M { - for j in 0..<P { - for k in 0..<N { - c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j] - } - } - } - return - } - - x := [2][3]f32{ - {1, 2, 3}, - {3, 2, 1}, - } - y := [3][2]f32{ - {0, 8}, - {6, 2}, - {8, 4}, - } - z := mul(x, y) - assert(z == {{36, 24}, {20, 32}}) - } -} - - -prefix_table := [?]string{ - "White", - "Red", - "Green", - "Blue", - "Octarine", - "Black", -} - -threading_example :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# threading_example") - - { // Basic Threads - fmt.println("\n## Basic Threads") - worker_proc :: proc(t: ^thread.Thread) { - for iteration in 1..5 { - fmt.printf("Thread %d is on iteration %d\n", t.user_index, iteration) - fmt.printf("`%s`: iteration %d\n", prefix_table[t.user_index], iteration) - time.sleep(1 * time.Millisecond) - } - } - - threads := make([dynamic]^thread.Thread, 0, len(prefix_table)) - defer delete(threads) - - for in prefix_table { - if t := thread.create(worker_proc); t != nil { - t.init_context = context - t.user_index = len(threads) - append(&threads, t) - thread.start(t) - } - } - - for len(threads) > 0 { - for i := 0; i < len(threads); /**/ { - if t := threads[i]; thread.is_done(t) { - fmt.printf("Thread %d is done\n", t.user_index) - thread.destroy(t) - - ordered_remove(&threads, i) - } else { - i += 1 - } - } - } - } - - { // Thread Pool - fmt.println("\n## Thread Pool") - task_proc :: proc(t: ^thread.Task) { - index := t.user_index % len(prefix_table) - for iteration in 1..5 { - fmt.printf("Worker Task %d is on iteration %d\n", t.user_index, iteration) - fmt.printf("`%s`: iteration %d\n", prefix_table[index], iteration) - time.sleep(1 * time.Millisecond) - } - } - - pool: thread.Pool - thread.pool_init(pool=&pool, thread_count=3) - defer thread.pool_destroy(&pool) - - - for i in 0..<30 { - thread.pool_add_task(pool=&pool, procedure=task_proc, data=nil, user_index=i) - } - - thread.pool_start(&pool) - thread.pool_wait_and_process(&pool) - } -} - - -array_programming :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# array programming") - { - a := [3]f32{1, 2, 3} - b := [3]f32{5, 6, 7} - c := a * b - d := a + b - e := 1 + (c - d) / 2 - fmt.printf("%.1f\n", e) // [0.5, 3.0, 6.5] - } - - { - a := [3]f32{1, 2, 3} - b := swizzle(a, 2, 1, 0) - assert(b == [3]f32{3, 2, 1}) - - c := swizzle(a, 0, 0) - assert(c == [2]f32{1, 1}) - assert(c == 1) - } - - { - Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32 - a := Vector3{1, 2, 3} - b := Vector3{5, 6, 7} - c := (a * b)/2 + 1 - d := c.x + c.y + c.z - fmt.printf("%.1f\n", d) // 22.0 - - cross :: proc(a, b: Vector3) -> Vector3 { - i := swizzle(a, 1, 2, 0) * swizzle(b, 2, 0, 1) - j := swizzle(a, 2, 0, 1) * swizzle(b, 1, 2, 0) - return i - j - } - - blah :: proc(a: Vector3) -> f32 { - return a.x + a.y + a.z - } - - x := cross(a, b) - fmt.println(x) - fmt.println(blah(x)) - } -} - -map_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# map type") - - m := make(map[string]int) - defer delete(m) - - m["Bob"] = 2 - m["Ted"] = 5 - fmt.println(m["Bob"]) - - delete_key(&m, "Ted") - - // If an element of a key does not exist, the zero value of the - // element will be returned. To check to see if an element exists - // can be done in two ways: - elem, ok := m["Bob"] - exists := "Bob" in m - _, _ = elem, ok - _ = exists -} - -implicit_selector_expression :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# implicit selector expression") - - Foo :: enum {A, B, C} - - f: Foo - f = Foo.A - f = .A - - BAR :: bit_set[Foo]{.B, .C} - - switch f { - case .A: - fmt.println("HITHER") - case .B: - fmt.println("NEVER") - case .C: - fmt.println("FOREVER") - } - - my_map := make(map[Foo]int) - defer delete(my_map) - - my_map[.A] = 123 - my_map[Foo.B] = 345 - - fmt.println(my_map[.A] + my_map[Foo.B] + my_map[.C]) -} - - -partial_switch :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# partial_switch") - { // enum - Foo :: enum { - A, - B, - C, - D, - } - - f := Foo.A - switch f { - case .A: fmt.println("A") - case .B: fmt.println("B") - case .C: fmt.println("C") - case .D: fmt.println("D") - case: fmt.println("?") - } - - #partial switch f { - case .A: fmt.println("A") - case .D: fmt.println("D") - } - } - { // union - Foo :: union {int, bool} - f: Foo = 123 - switch in f { - case int: fmt.println("int") - case bool: fmt.println("bool") - case: - } - - #partial switch in f { - case bool: fmt.println("bool") - } - } -} - -cstring_example :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# cstring_example") - - W :: "Hellope" - X :: cstring(W) - Y :: string(X) - - w := W - _ = w - x: cstring = X - y: string = Y - z := string(x) - fmt.println(x, y, z) - fmt.println(len(x), len(y), len(z)) - fmt.println(len(W), len(X), len(Y)) - // IMPORTANT NOTE for cstring variables - // len(cstring) is O(N) - // cast(string)cstring is O(N) -} - -bit_set_type :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# bit_set type") - - { - using Day :: enum { - Sunday, - Monday, - Tuesday, - Wednesday, - Thursday, - Friday, - Saturday, - } - - Days :: distinct bit_set[Day] - WEEKEND :: Days{Sunday, Saturday} - - d: Days - d = {Sunday, Monday} - e := d + WEEKEND - e += {Monday} - fmt.println(d, e) - - ok := Saturday in e // `in` is only allowed for `map` and `bit_set` types - fmt.println(ok) - if Saturday in e { - fmt.println("Saturday in", e) - } - X :: Saturday in WEEKEND // Constant evaluation - fmt.println(X) - fmt.println("Cardinality:", card(e)) - } - { - x: bit_set['A'..'Z'] - #assert(size_of(x) == size_of(u32)) - y: bit_set[0..8; u16] - fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(x))) // bit_set[A..Z] - fmt.println(typeid_of(type_of(y))) // bit_set[0..8; u16] - - x += {'F'}; - assert('F' in x) - x -= {'F'}; - assert('F' not_in x) - - y += {1, 4, 2} - assert(2 in y) - } - { - Letters :: bit_set['A'..'Z'] - a := Letters{'A', 'B'} - b := Letters{'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F'} - c := Letters{'A', 'B'} - - assert(a <= b) // 'a' is a subset of 'b' - assert(b >= a) // 'b' is a superset of 'a' - assert(a < b) // 'a' is a strict subset of 'b' - assert(b > a) // 'b' is a strict superset of 'a' - - assert(!(a < c)) // 'a' is a not strict subset of 'c' - assert(!(c > a)) // 'c' is a not strict superset of 'a' - } -} - -deferred_procedure_associations :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# deferred procedure associations") - - @(deferred_out=closure) - open :: proc(s: string) -> bool { - fmt.println(s) - return true - } - - closure :: proc(ok: bool) { - fmt.println("Goodbye?", ok) - } - - if open("Welcome") { - fmt.println("Something in the middle, mate.") - } -} - -reflection :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n# reflection") - - Foo :: struct { - x: int `tag1`, - y: string `json:"y_field"`, - z: bool, // no tag - } - - id := typeid_of(Foo) - names := reflect.struct_field_names(id) - types := reflect.struct_field_types(id) - tags := reflect.struct_field_tags(id) - - assert(len(names) == len(types) && len(names) == len(tags)) - - fmt.println("Foo :: struct {") - for tag, i in tags { - name, type := names[i], types[i] - if tag != "" { - fmt.printf("\t%s: %T `%s`,\n", name, type, tag) - } else { - fmt.printf("\t%s: %T,\n", name, type) - } - } - fmt.println("}") - - - for tag, i in tags { - if val, ok := reflect.struct_tag_lookup(tag, "json"); ok { - fmt.printf("json: %s -> %s\n", names[i], val) - } - } -} - -quaternions :: proc() { - // Not just an April Fool's Joke any more, but a fully working thing! - fmt.println("\n# quaternions") - - { // Quaternion operations - q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k - r := quaternion(5, 6, 7, 8) - t := q * r - fmt.printf("(%v) * (%v) = %v\n", q, r, t) - v := q / r - fmt.printf("(%v) / (%v) = %v\n", q, r, v) - u := q + r - fmt.printf("(%v) + (%v) = %v\n", q, r, u) - s := q - r - fmt.printf("(%v) - (%v) = %v\n", q, r, s) - } - { // The quaternion types - q128: quaternion128 // 4xf32 - q256: quaternion256 // 4xf64 - q128 = quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0) - q256 = 1 // quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0) - } - { // Built-in procedures - q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k - fmt.println("q =", q) - fmt.println("real(q) =", real(q)) - fmt.println("imag(q) =", imag(q)) - fmt.println("jmag(q) =", jmag(q)) - fmt.println("kmag(q) =", kmag(q)) - fmt.println("conj(q) =", conj(q)) - fmt.println("abs(q) =", abs(q)) - } - { // Conversion of a complex type to a quaternion type - c := 1 + 2i - q := quaternion256(c) - fmt.println(c) - fmt.println(q) - } - { // Memory layout of Quaternions - q := 1 + 2i + 3j + 4k - a := transmute([4]f64)q - fmt.println("Quaternion memory layout: xyzw/(ijkr)") - fmt.println(q) // 1.000+2.000i+3.000j+4.000k - fmt.println(a) // [2.000, 3.000, 4.000, 1.000] - } -} - -unroll_for_statement :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#'#unroll for' statements") - - // '#unroll for' works the same as if the 'inline' prefix did not - // exist but these ranged loops are explicitly unrolled which can - // be very very useful for certain optimizations - - fmt.println("Ranges") - #unroll for x, i in 1..<4 { - fmt.println(x, i) - } - - fmt.println("Strings") - #unroll for r, i in "Hello, 世界" { - fmt.println(r, i) - } - - fmt.println("Arrays") - #unroll for elem, idx in ([4]int{1, 4, 9, 16}) { - fmt.println(elem, idx) - } - - - Foo_Enum :: enum { - A = 1, - B, - C = 6, - D, - } - fmt.println("Enum types") - #unroll for elem, idx in Foo_Enum { - fmt.println(elem, idx) - } -} - -where_clauses :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#procedure 'where' clauses") - - { // Sanity checks - simple_sanity_check :: proc(x: [2]int) - where len(x) > 1, - type_of(x) == [2]int { - fmt.println(x) - } - } - { // Parametric polymorphism checks - cross_2d :: proc(a, b: $T/[2]$E) -> E - where intrinsics.type_is_numeric(E) { - return a.x*b.y - a.y*b.x - } - cross_3d :: proc(a, b: $T/[3]$E) -> T - where intrinsics.type_is_numeric(E) { - x := a.y*b.z - a.z*b.y - y := a.z*b.x - a.x*b.z - z := a.x*b.y - a.y*b.z - return T{x, y, z} - } - - a := [2]int{1, 2} - b := [2]int{5, -3} - fmt.println(cross_2d(a, b)) - - x := [3]f32{1, 4, 9} - y := [3]f32{-5, 0, 3} - fmt.println(cross_3d(x, y)) - - // Failure case - // i := [2]bool{true, false} - // j := [2]bool{false, true} - // fmt.println(cross_2d(i, j)) - - } - - { // Procedure groups usage - foo :: proc(x: [$N]int) -> bool - where N > 2 { - fmt.println(#procedure, "was called with the parameter", x) - return true - } - - bar :: proc(x: [$N]int) -> bool - where 0 < N, - N <= 2 { - fmt.println(#procedure, "was called with the parameter", x) - return false - } - - baz :: proc{foo, bar} - - x := [3]int{1, 2, 3} - y := [2]int{4, 9} - ok_x := baz(x) - ok_y := baz(y) - assert(ok_x == true) - assert(ok_y == false) - } - - { // Record types - Foo :: struct(T: typeid, N: int) - where intrinsics.type_is_integer(T), - N > 2 { - x: [N]T, - y: [N-2]T, - } - - T :: i32 - N :: 5 - f: Foo(T, N) - #assert(size_of(f) == (N+N-2)*size_of(T)) - } -} - - -when ODIN_OS == "windows" { - foreign import kernel32 "system:kernel32.lib" -} - -foreign_system :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#foreign system") - when ODIN_OS == "windows" { - // It is sometimes necessarily to interface with foreign code, - // such as a C library. In Odin, this is achieved through the - // foreign system. You can “import” a library into the code - // using the same semantics as a normal import declaration. - - // This foreign import declaration will create a - // “foreign import name” which can then be used to associate - // entities within a foreign block. - - foreign kernel32 { - ExitProcess :: proc "stdcall" (exit_code: u32) --- - } - - // Foreign procedure declarations have the cdecl/c calling - // convention by default unless specified otherwise. Due to - // foreign procedures do not have a body declared within this - // code, you need append the --- symbol to the end to distinguish - // it as a procedure literal without a body and not a procedure type. - - // The attributes system can be used to change specific properties - // of entities declared within a block: - - @(default_calling_convention = "std") - foreign kernel32 { - @(link_name="GetLastError") get_last_error :: proc() -> i32 --- - } - - // Example using the link_prefix attribute - @(default_calling_convention = "std") - @(link_prefix = "Get") - foreign kernel32 { - LastError :: proc() -> i32 --- - } - } -} - -ranged_fields_for_array_compound_literals :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#ranged fields for array compound literals") - { // Normal Array Literal - foo := [?]int{1, 4, 9, 16} - fmt.println(foo) - } - { // Indexed - foo := [?]int{ - 3 = 16, - 1 = 4, - 2 = 9, - 0 = 1, - } - fmt.println(foo) - } - { // Ranges - i := 2 - foo := [?]int { - 0 = 123, - 5..9 = 54, - 10..<16 = i*3 + (i-1)*2, - } - #assert(len(foo) == 16) - fmt.println(foo); // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] - } - { // Slice and Dynamic Array support - i := 2 - foo_slice := []int { - 0 = 123, - 5..9 = 54, - 10..<16 = i*3 + (i-1)*2, - } - assert(len(foo_slice) == 16) - fmt.println(foo_slice); // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] - - foo_dynamic_array := [dynamic]int { - 0 = 123, - 5..9 = 54, - 10..<16 = i*3 + (i-1)*2, - } - assert(len(foo_dynamic_array) == 16) - fmt.println(foo_dynamic_array); // [123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8] - } -} - -deprecated_attribute :: proc() { - @(deprecated="Use foo_v2 instead") - foo_v1 :: proc(x: int) { - fmt.println("foo_v1") - } - foo_v2 :: proc(x: int) { - fmt.println("foo_v2") - } - - // NOTE: Uncomment to see the warning messages - // foo_v1(1) -} - -range_statements_with_multiple_return_values :: proc() { - // IMPORTANT NOTE(bill, 2019-11-02): This feature is subject to be changed/removed - fmt.println("\n#range statements with multiple return values") - My_Iterator :: struct { - index: int, - data: []i32, - } - make_my_iterator :: proc(data: []i32) -> My_Iterator { - return My_Iterator{data = data} - } - my_iterator :: proc(it: ^My_Iterator) -> (val: i32, idx: int, cond: bool) { - if cond = it.index < len(it.data); cond { - val = it.data[it.index] - idx = it.index - it.index += 1 - } - return - } - - data := make([]i32, 6) - for _, i in data { - data[i] = i32(i*i) - } - - { - it := make_my_iterator(data) - for val in my_iterator(&it) { - fmt.println(val) - } - } - { - it := make_my_iterator(data) - for val, idx in my_iterator(&it) { - fmt.println(val, idx) - } - } - { - it := make_my_iterator(data) - for { - val, _, cond := my_iterator(&it) - if !cond { - break - } - fmt.println(val) - } - } -} - - -soa_struct_layout :: proc() { - // IMPORTANT NOTE(bill, 2019-11-03): This feature is subject to be changed/removed - // NOTE(bill): Most likely #soa [N]T - fmt.println("\n#SOA Struct Layout") - - { - Vector3 :: struct {x, y, z: f32} - - N :: 2 - v_aos: [N]Vector3 - v_aos[0].x = 1 - v_aos[0].y = 4 - v_aos[0].z = 9 - - fmt.println(len(v_aos)) - fmt.println(v_aos[0]) - fmt.println(v_aos[0].x) - fmt.println(&v_aos[0].x) - - v_aos[1] = {0, 3, 4} - v_aos[1].x = 2 - fmt.println(v_aos[1]) - fmt.println(v_aos) - - v_soa: #soa[N]Vector3 - - v_soa[0].x = 1 - v_soa[0].y = 4 - v_soa[0].z = 9 - - - // Same syntax as AOS and treat as if it was an array - fmt.println(len(v_soa)) - fmt.println(v_soa[0]) - fmt.println(v_soa[0].x) - fmt.println(&v_soa[0].x) - v_soa[1] = {0, 3, 4} - v_soa[1].x = 2 - fmt.println(v_soa[1]) - - // Can use SOA syntax if necessary - v_soa.x[0] = 1 - v_soa.y[0] = 4 - v_soa.z[0] = 9 - fmt.println(v_soa.x[0]) - - // Same pointer addresses with both syntaxes - assert(&v_soa[0].x == &v_soa.x[0]) - - - // Same fmt printing - fmt.println(v_aos) - fmt.println(v_soa) - } - { - // Works with arrays of length <= 4 which have the implicit fields xyzw/rgba - Vector3 :: distinct [3]f32 - - N :: 2 - v_aos: [N]Vector3 - v_aos[0].x = 1 - v_aos[0].y = 4 - v_aos[0].z = 9 - - v_soa: #soa[N]Vector3 - - v_soa[0].x = 1 - v_soa[0].y = 4 - v_soa[0].z = 9 - } - { - // SOA Slices - // Vector3 :: struct {x, y, z: f32} - Vector3 :: struct {x: i8, y: i16, z: f32} - - N :: 3 - v: #soa[N]Vector3 - v[0].x = 1 - v[0].y = 4 - v[0].z = 9 - - s: #soa[]Vector3 - s = v[:] - assert(len(s) == N) - fmt.println(s) - fmt.println(s[0].x) - - a := s[1:2] - assert(len(a) == 1) - fmt.println(a) - - d: #soa[dynamic]Vector3 - - append_soa(&d, Vector3{1, 2, 3}, Vector3{4, 5, 9}, Vector3{-4, -4, 3}) - fmt.println(d) - fmt.println(len(d)) - fmt.println(cap(d)) - fmt.println(d[:]) - } -} - -constant_literal_expressions :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#constant literal expressions") - - Bar :: struct {x, y: f32} - Foo :: struct {a, b: int, using c: Bar} - - FOO_CONST :: Foo{b = 2, a = 1, c = {3, 4}} - - - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.a) - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.b) - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c) - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c.x) - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.c.y) - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.x); // using works as expected - fmt.println(FOO_CONST.y) - - fmt.println("-------") - - ARRAY_CONST :: [3]int{1 = 4, 2 = 9, 0 = 1} - - fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[0]) - fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[1]) - fmt.println(ARRAY_CONST[2]) - - fmt.println("-------") - - FOO_ARRAY_DEFAULTS :: [3]Foo{{}, {}, {}} - fmt.println(FOO_ARRAY_DEFAULTS[2].x) - - fmt.println("-------") - - Baz :: enum{A=5, B, C, D} - ENUM_ARRAY_CONST :: [Baz]int{.A .. .C = 1, .D = 16} - - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.A]) - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.B]) - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.C]) - fmt.println(ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.D]) - - fmt.println("-------") - - Partial_Baz :: enum{A=5, B, C, D=16} - #assert(len(Partial_Baz) < len(#partial [Partial_Baz]int)) - PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST :: #partial [Partial_Baz]int{.A .. .C = 1, .D = 16} - - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.A]) - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.B]) - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.C]) - fmt.println(PARTIAL_ENUM_ARRAY_CONST[.D]) - - fmt.println("-------") - - - STRING_CONST :: "Hellope!" - - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[0]) - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[2]) - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[3]) - - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[0:5]) - fmt.println(STRING_CONST[3:][:4]) -} - -union_maybe :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#union #maybe") - - Maybe :: union(T: typeid) #maybe {T} - - i: Maybe(u8) - p: Maybe(^u8); // No tag is stored for pointers, nil is the sentinel value - - #assert(size_of(i) == size_of(u8) + size_of(u8)) - #assert(size_of(p) == size_of(^u8)) - - i = 123 - x := i.? - y, y_ok := p.? - p = &x - z, z_ok := p.? - - fmt.println(i, p) - fmt.println(x, &x) - fmt.println(y, y_ok) - fmt.println(z, z_ok) -} - -dummy_procedure :: proc() { - fmt.println("dummy_procedure") -} - -explicit_context_definition :: proc "c" () { - // Try commenting the following statement out below - context = runtime.default_context() - - fmt.println("\n#explicit context definition") - dummy_procedure() -} - -relative_data_types :: proc() { - fmt.println("\n#relative data types") - - x: int = 123 - ptr: #relative(i16) ^int - ptr = &x - fmt.println(ptr^) - - arr := [3]int{1, 2, 3} - s := arr[:] - rel_slice: #relative(i16) []int - rel_slice = s - fmt.println(rel_slice) - fmt.println(rel_slice[:]) - fmt.println(rel_slice[1]) -} - -main :: proc() { - when true { - the_basics() - control_flow() - named_proc_return_parameters() - explicit_procedure_overloading() - struct_type() - union_type() - using_statement() - implicit_context_system() - parametric_polymorphism() - array_programming() - map_type() - implicit_selector_expression() - partial_switch() - cstring_example() - bit_set_type() - deferred_procedure_associations() - reflection() - quaternions() - unroll_for_statement() - where_clauses() - foreign_system() - ranged_fields_for_array_compound_literals() - deprecated_attribute() - range_statements_with_multiple_return_values() - threading_example() - soa_struct_layout() - constant_literal_expressions() - union_maybe() - explicit_context_definition() - relative_data_types() - } -} |